Surface modification of polymer foams using plasma

1. A system comprising:

a monolithic shape memory polymer (SMP) foam having first and second states;

a hydrocarbon film;

wherein the SMP foam includes: (a) polyurethane, (b) an inner half portion having inner partially reticulated cells defined by inner struts and incomplete membranes, and (c) an outer half portion, having outer partially reticulated cells defined by outer struts and incomplete membranes, surrounding the inner half portion in a plane that provides a cross-section of the SMP foam;

wherein the SMP foam includes hydroxyl groups chemically bound to the SMP foam;

wherein the hydrocarbon film covers both the inner and outer struts;

wherein the hydrocarbon film consists essentially of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

2. The system of claim 1 including a reticulation gradient such that the outer reticulated cells are more reticulated than the inner reticulated cells.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

the SMP foam includes distal and proximal portions;

the distal portion includes the inner half portion and the outer half portion; and

one of the distal or proximal portions includes cells that are more heavily reticulated than another of the distal or proximal portions.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the SMP foam has a surface energy configured to recover towards increasing hydrophobicity over time.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the SMP foam has a density less than 0.06 g/cm 3 .

6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the inner and outer struts both include a polymer material comprising a reaction product of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED), triethanolamine (TEA), and trimethylhexamethylenediamine (TMHDI) with HPED contributing a higher molar ratio of hydroxyl groups than TEA.

7. The system of claim 4 , wherein the inner and outer struts both include a polymer material comprising a reaction product of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED), Glycerol, pentanediol, and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the inner and outer struts both include a polymer material comprising a reaction product of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED), triethanolamine (TEA), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with TEA contributing a higher molar ratio of hydroxyl groups than HPED.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon film is no thicker than 500 nm.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon film is hydrophobic.

11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon film includes a hydrocarbon polymer that further includes vinyl groups.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the SMP foam includes a non-linear expansion rate when exposed to thermal stimulus.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon film consists of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

14. A system comprising:

a monolithic shape memory polymer (SMP) foam having first and second states; and

a hydrocarbon film;

wherein the SMP foam includes: (a) polyurethane, (b) an inner half portion having inner reticulated cells defined by inner struts, and (c) an outer half portion, having outer reticulated cells defined by outer struts, surrounding the inner half portion in a plane that provides a cross-section of the SMP foam;

wherein the hydrocarbon film covers both the inner and outer struts;

wherein the hydrocarbon film consists essentially of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the hydrocarbon film is no thicker than 500 nm and the hydrocarbon film is hydrophobic.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the hydrocarbon film consists of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

17. The system of claim 14 , wherein the inner half portion includes the hydrocarbon film.

18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the hydrocarbon film consists of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

19. The system of claim 14 , wherein the hydrocarbon film consists of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.