Shape memory polymer vessel occlusion device

1. A system comprising: an outer conduit having proximal and distal ends; a shape memory polymer (SMP) foam having proximal and distal ends and that transitions from a secondary shape to a primary shape when the SMP foam is heated above its transition temperature; a metal backbone including: (a)(i) a first portion that extends from the SMP foam proximal end to the SMP foam distal end and which is generally covered by the SMP foam, and (a)(ii) a second portion that extends distally from the SMP foam distal end and which is not covered by the SMP foam; wherein: (b)(i) the SMP foam and the metal backbone are both included within the outer conduit adjacent to the outer conduit distal end; (b)(ii) the metal backbone second portion is configured to transition from a secondary shape that is uncoiled to a primary shape that is coiled; and (b)(iii) the metal backbone second portion is in the metal backbone second portion secondary shape and is located between the SMP foam distal end and the distal end of the outer conduit; wherein: (c)(i) the SMP foam includes a proximal portion that includes the proximal end of the SMP foam and a distal portion that includes the distal end of the SMP foam; and (c)(ii) one of the proximal or distal portions of the SMP foam fixedly adheres to the metal backbone first portion and another of the proximal or distal portions of the SMP foam slideably couples to the metal backbone first portion.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the SMP foam includes polyurethane, the polyurethane being a reaction product of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED), triethanolamine (TEA), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).

3. The system of claim 2 wherein the metal backbone second portion includes an outer metal portion, including a channel, and an inner metal portion included within the channel.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein:

the metal backbone first portion also includes the inner metal portion but does not include the outer metal portion; and

the inner metal portion is monolithic and extends from the SMP foam proximal end, to and through the SMP foam distal end, and into the channel of the outer metal portion distal to the SMP foam.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein at least a portion of the outer metal portion is more radiopaque than both the inner metal portion and the SMP foam.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the inner metal portion is superelastic.

7. The system of claim 2 with the TEA contributing a lower molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to the polyurethane SMP foam than the HPED.

8. The system of claim 2 with the TEA contributing a higher molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to the polyurethane SMP foam than the HPED.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the polyurethane is a reaction product of the HDI and no other diisocyanate component.

10. The system of claim 3 , wherein the outer metal portion includes at least one of platinum, palladium, tungsten, iridium, or combinations thereof.

11. The system of claim 3 comprising an additional outer metal portion proximal to the SMP foam and not covered by the SMP foam, wherein: the additional outer metal portion includes an additional channel; the inner metal portion extends to and through the SMP foam proximal end and into the additional channel; and the inner metal portion that extends to and through the SMP foam proximal end and into the additional channel also transitions from a secondary shape that is uncoiled to a primary shape that is coiled.

12. The system of claim 3 , comprising a proximal metal portion that is: (c)(i) coupled to the inner metal portion, (c)(ii) located proximal to the SMP foam, (c)(iii) included within the outer conduit, and (c)(iv) is more radiopaque than both the inner metal portion and the SMP foam.

13. The system of claim 12 , wherein at least one of the proximal metal portion or the metal backbone includes an outer diameter that is at least 50% of an inner diameter of the outer conduit.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the SMP foam and the metal backbone second portion are oriented with respect to each other and with respect to the outer conduit so the metal backbone second portion deploys from the distal end of the outer conduit before the SMP foam deploys from the distal end of the outer conduit.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein:

the metal backbone first portion is aligned along an axis; and

the metal backbone second portion, in its primary shape, provides a radial force that is generally orthogonal to the axis and is greater than another radial force exerted by the SMP foam.

16. The system of claim 14 , wherein the outer conduit includes an introducer sheath.

17. The system of claim 14 , wherein:

the metal backbone first portion is aligned along an axis; and

the SMP foam and the metal backbone second portion are oriented with respect to each other so when upstream blood pressure forces the SMP foam towards the metal backbone second portion the metal backbone second portion, in its primary shape, presses radially outwards in a direction generally orthogonal to the axis and in response to the upstream blood pressure forcing the SMP foam towards the metal backbone second portion.

18. The system of claim 14 , wherein the metal backbone second portion primary shape that is coiled includes a conically shaped coil with a base of the conically shaped coil between the SMP foam and a vertex of the conically shaped coil.

19. The system of claim 14 including a plurality of resilient arm members that are free from one another at distal ends of the arm members and are fixedly coupled to each other at proximal ends of the arm members;

wherein:

the metal backbone first portion is generally aligned along an axis;

at least a portion of the SMP foam is located within the plurality of arms such that a plane orthogonal to the axis intersects the SMP foam and the plurality of arms;

the plurality of arms compresses within the outer conduit and expands radially when the arms deploy from the outer conduit.

20. A method comprising:

providing a system comprising:

an outer conduit having proximal and distal ends;

a shape memory polymer (SMP) foam having proximal and distal ends and that transitions from a secondary shape to a primary shape when the SMP foam is heated above its transition temperature;

a metal backbone including: (a)(i) a first portion that extends from the SMP foam proximal end to the SMP foam distal end and which is generally covered by the SMP foam, and (a)(ii) a second portion that extends distally from the SMP foam distal end and which is not covered by the SMP foam;

wherein: (b)(i) SMP foam and the metal backbone are both included within the outer conduit adjacent to the outer conduit distal end; (b)(ii) the metal backbone second portion transitions from a secondary shape that is uncoiled to a primary shape that is coiled; and (b)(iii) the metal backbone second portion is in the metal backbone second portion secondary shape and is located between the SMP foam distal end and the distal end of the outer conduit;

wherein: (c)(i) the SMP foam includes a proximal portion that includes the proximal end of the SMP foam and a distal portion that includes the distal end of the SMP foam; and (c)(ii) one of the proximal or distal portions of the SMP foam fixedly adheres to the metal backbone first portion and another of the proximal or distal portions of the SMP foam slideably couples to the metal backbone first portion;

advancing the system into a patient;

deploying the metal backbone second portion from the outer conduit distal end into a vessel of the patient;

transitioning the metal backbone second portion from its secondary shape to its primary shape;

engaging the metal backbone second portion with a wall of the vessel in response to transitioning the metal backbone second portion from its secondary shape to its primary shape;

deploying the SMP foam from the outer conduit distal end into the vessel in response to deploying the metal backbone second portion from the outer conduit distal end;

transitioning the SMP foam from its secondary shape to its primary shape;

engaging the SMP foam with the wall of the vessel in response to transitioning the SMP foam from its secondary shape to its primary shape; and

occluding the vessel in response to engaging the SMP foam with the wall of the vessel.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein:

the metal backbone second portion includes an outer metal portion, including a channel, and an inner metal portion included within the channel;

at least a portion of the outer metal portion is more radiopaque than both the inner metal portion and the SMP foam;

the method further comprising determining a position of the SMP foam within the vessel in response to at least a portion of the outer metal portion being more radiopaque than both the inner metal portion and the SMP foam.