Hydrogels with improved mechanical properties below water freezing temperature
Hydrogel compositions, and corresponding methods of making, are provided. The hydrogels do not freeze, or only partially freeze, over a wide range of temperatures below the freezing temperature of water. Concurrently, these hydrogels also retain their room temperature mechanical properties (e.g., strength, modulus, elasticity) over a wide range of temperatures, including temperatures below the freezing temperature of water. The hydrogels are synthesized by adding a suitable amount of a salt together with previously cross-linked polymer gel. Hydration of the gel with aqueous solutions containing the prescribed salts not only depresses the hydrogel freezing point but protects the structure. For example, the salts do not allow the hydrogel to completely freeze, thus protecting the hydrogel from brittle failure. Whether the hydrogels partially freeze or remain non-frozen when chilled below the freezing temperature of water is determined by concentration of salt within the hydrogel.
1. A gel package comprising:
a freeze-resistant hydrogel composition comprising:
a gel comprising an acrylamide-alginate copolymer;
at least 50% water; and
a hygroscopic compound; and
a seal for encapsulating the hydrogel composition.
2. The gel package of claim 1 , wherein the compound comprises a divalent or trivalent salt.
3. The gel package of claim 2 , wherein the salt is present at a concentration of 0.1 to 5 molar.
4. The gel package of claim 2 , wherein the divalent salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, copper(II) chloride, zinc chloride, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, copper(II) sulfate, potassium carbonate, and sodium carbonate.
5. The gel package of claim 2 , wherein the trivalent salt is selected from the group consisting of aluminum trichloride, gallium trichloride, iron(III) chloride, indium trichloride, cerium chloride, cerium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lanthanide chloride, lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonate, ytterbium chloride, and ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate.
6. The gel package of claim 2 , wherein the salt has a concentration selected within the range from 0.1 weight percent to 50 weight percent.
7. The gel package of claim 2 , wherein the salt has a concentration of about 10 weight percent, 20 weight percent, 30 weight percent, or 40 weight percent.
8. The gel package of claim 2 , wherein the salt comprises a mixture of a divalent salt and a trivalent salt; wherein the divalent salt comprises calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, or copper chloride; and wherein the trivalent salt comprises aluminum trichloride, gallium trichloride, ferrous trichloride, or indium trichloride.
9. The gel package of claim 2 , wherein the hydrogel includes a crosslinked network of hydrophilic polymer chains dispersed in water in which the salt has been dissolved.
10. The gel package of claim 9 , wherein the polymer chains comprise polyacrylamide and/or alginate; and the crosslinks comprise N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and/or calcium sulfate.
11. The gel package of claim 9 , wherein the hydrogel composition remains elastic at a minimum temperature less than the freezing temperature of water and greater than or equal to the eutectic temperature of the salt-water phase diagram.
12. The gel package of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel has a freezing point below 0° Celsius.
13. A gel package comprising:
a freeze-resistant hydrogel composition comprising:
a hydrogel comprising an acrylamide polymer in the absence of an alginate;
at least 50% water; and
a hygroscopic monovalent, divalent, or trivalent salt; and
a seal for encapsulating the hydrogel composition.
14. The gel package of claim 13 , wherein the monovalent salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, lithium chloride, and potassium chloride.
15. An ionic sensor comprising:
two layers comprising a freeze-resistant hydrogel composition comprising:
a gel comprising an acrylamide-alginate copolymer;
at least 50% water; and
a hygroscopic compound;
a layer of a dielectric elastomer between the two hydrogel layers; and
two electrodes, wherein each layer of the hydrogel composition is coupled to a respective one of the two electrodes.
16. The ionic sensor of claim 15 , wherein the hygroscopic compound comprises a divalent or trivalent salt.
17. The ionic sensor of claim 16 , wherein the salt is present at a concentration of 0.1 to 5 molar.
18. The ionic sensor of claim 16 , wherein the divalent salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, copper(II) chloride, zinc chloride, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, copper(II) sulfate, potassium carbonate, and sodium carbonate.
19. The ionic sensor of claim 16 , wherein the trivalent salt is selected from the group consisting of aluminum trichloride, gallium trichloride, iron(III) chloride, indium trichloride, cerium chloride, cerium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lanthanide chloride, lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonate, ytterbium chloride, and ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate.
20. The ionic sensor of claim 16 , wherein the salt has a concentration selected within the range from 0.1 weight percent to 50 weight percent.
21. The ionic sensor of claim 16 , wherein the salt has a concentration of about 10 weight percent, 20 weight percent, 30 weight percent, or 40 weight percent.
22. The ionic sensor of claim 16 , wherein the salt comprises a mixture of a divalent salt and a trivalent salt; wherein the divalent salt comprises calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, or copper chloride; and wherein the trivalent salt comprises aluminum trichloride, gallium trichloride, ferrous trichloride, or indium trichloride.
23. The ionic sensor of claim 16 , wherein the hydrogel comprises a crosslinked network of hydrophilic polymer chains dispersed in water in which the salt has been dissolved.
24. The ionic sensor of claim 23 , wherein the polymer chains comprise polyacrylamide and/or alginate; and the crosslinks comprise N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and/or calcium sulfate.
25. The ionic sensor of claim 23 , wherein the hydrogel composition remains elastic at a minimum temperature less than the freezing temperature of water and greater than or equal to the eutectic temperature of the salt-water phase diagram.
26. The ionic sensor of claim 15 , wherein the hydrogel has a freezing point below 0 20 Celsius.
27. An ionic sensor comprising:
two layers comprising a freeze-resistant hydrogel composition comprising:
a hydrogel comprising an acrylamide polymer in the absence of an alginate;
at least 50% water; and
a hygroscopic monovalent, divalent, or trivalent salt;
a layer of dielectric elastomer between the two layers of the hydrogel; and
two electrodes, wherein each layer of the hydrogel composition is coupled to a respective one of the two electrodes.
28. The ionic sensor of claim 27 , wherein the monovalent salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, lithium chloride, and potassium chloride.