Spinosyn derivatives as insecticides

1. A spinosyn compound of the following formula:

or a salt thereof, wherein:

is a single bond or a double bond;

A is hydrogen or is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

B is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

C is O or NH;

R 1 is absent or is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted thio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from hydrogen carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted thio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein when R 3 is hydrogen R 4 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted thio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted thio, or substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy; and

R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl,

wherein R 1 and R 2 can combine to form a substituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic ester, wherein the cyclic ester may be saturated or unsaturated; and

wherein R 3 and R 4 can combine to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic ester, wherein the cyclic ester may be saturated or unsaturated.

2. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is absent or is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl and aryl, and wherein R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl and aryl.

3. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , having the formula represented by Structure I-A:

4. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , having the formula represented by Structure I-B:

5. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , having the formula represented by Structure I-C:

6. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , having the formula represented by Structure I-D:

wherein R 7 is hydrogen, alkyl, pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

7. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , having the formula represented by Structure I-F:

wherein R 8 is alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyrimidinyl, or a thiophene group.

8. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , having the formula represented by Structure I-G:

or Structure I-G′:

wherein the one of R 3 and R 4 that is not carbonyl is alkoxy.

9. The spinosyn compound of claim 1 , having the formula represented by Structure I-H:

or Structure I-H′:

wherein the one of R 3 and R 4 that is not a substituted triazole is hydrogen, and R 9 is selected from alkyl, thiophene, trimethylsiloxy, C 1 -C 4 methyl ester, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and wherein the substituted phenyl triazole has one or more substitutions comprising halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl, or amino.

10. A formulation, comprising at least one spinosyn compound of claim 1 and an acceptable carrier.

11. The formulation of claim 10 , further comprising at least one additional active ingredient.

12. The formulation of claim 10 , further comprising at least one plant or plant product treatment compound.

13. The formulation of claim 11 , wherein the additional active ingredient is a contact-acting insecticide.

14. The formulation of claim 11 , wherein the additional active ingredient is a contact-acting miticide.

15. A method for controlling pests, comprising contacting a pest with an effective amount of the spinosyn compound of claim 1 .

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the pest is an insect.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the pest is an arachnid.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the pest is a nematode.

19. A method for making a spinosyn compound of claim 1 , comprising using a substitution modification on a natural spinosyn to form a spinosyn compound according to claim 1 .

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the substitution modification is selected from the group consisting of a Meerwein arylation, a Schwartz hydrozirconation, a Woehl-Ziegler bromination, a Prius reaction, and a Wacker oxidation.

21. A spinosyn compound having the formula represented by Structure I-E:

or Structure I-E′:

wherein A is a forosamine derivative comprising one or both of the methyl groups on the forosamine nitrogen group substituted with substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted aldehyde, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, or substituted or unsubstituted benzoyl.

22. A spinosyn compound having the formula represented by Structure I-I

or Structure I-I′:

wherein R 2 is alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein the substituted phenyl has one or more substitutions comprising halogen, alkyl, halo alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or ester.