Production of human milk oligosaccharides in microbial hosts with engineered import/export

1. A method for production of an oligosaccharide comprising a lacto-N-triose II (LNT-II; GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Gluc) as a core trisaccharide by a genetically modified microbial host cell, comprising

providing a genetically modified microbial host cell that comprises:

at least one recombinant glycosyltransferase;

increased expression or activity of at least one endogenous sugar export protein capable of exporting the oligosaccharide; and

decreased expression or inactivation of at least one export protein that exports precursors of the oligosaccharide from the host cell;

cultivating the host cell in a medium under conditions permissive for the production of the oligosaccharide, whereby the oligosaccharide is exported into the medium at an increased level compared to the unmodified host cell, and

obtaining the oligosaccharide from the medium.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oligosaccharide comprising a lacto-N-triose II (LNT-II; GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Gluc) as a core trisaccharide is selected from the group consisting of: lacto-N-triose II, lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, lacto-N-fucopentaose I, lacto-N-fucopentaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose III, lacto-N-fucopentaose V, lacto-N-difucosylheaxose I, lacto-N-difucosylhexaose II, lacto-N-sialylpentaose LSTa, LSTb, LSTc, disialyllacto-N-tetraose, and disialyllacto-N-neotetraose.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the host cell comprises:

overexpression of at least one endogenous nucleic acid sequence coding for the sugar export protein capable of exporting the oligosaccharide into the culture medium; and

deletion, disruption, diminishment or inactivation of at least one endogenous nucleic acid sequence coding for an export protein that exports precursors of the oligosaccharide outside the host cell; and

overexpression of at least one homologous or heterologous sequence coding for a protein mediating import of a precursor of the oligosaccharide into said host cell, wherein the precursor is larger than a disaccharide.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said sugar export protein capable of exporting the oligosaccharide belongs to the class of secondary active transporters.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein said at least one nucleic acid sequence coding for the sugar export protein capable of exporting the oligosaccharide is a gene selected from the group consisting of yebQ and yjhB from Escherichia coli , proP from Mannheimia succiniciproducens and setA from Cedecea neteri.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said recombinant glycosyltransferase is selected from the group consisting of at least one of a galactosyltransferase, a sialyltransferase, an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and a fucosyltransferase, and is optionally selected from at least one of the following: β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, β-1,3-galactosyltransferase, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase, β-1,6-galactosyltransferase, α-2,3-sialyltransferase, α-2,6-sialyltansferase, α-1,2-fucosyltransferase, and α-1,3-fucosyltransferase.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the host cell comprises (i) a β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, and (ii) a β-1,3-galactosyltransferase or a β-1,4-galactosyltransferase as the glycosyltransferase.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein said β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase belongs to the class of lgtA of Neisseria meningitides or PmnagT of Pasteurella multocida.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the lacto-N-tetraose generating β-1,3-galactosyltransferase is WbdO.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the genetically modified microbial host cell comprises an increased UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-galactose or GDP-fucose or CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid production capability as compared to a genetically unmodified host cell, wherein optionally said increased UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-galactose production capability is by the overexpression of one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of L-glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, N-acetyl glucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase/glucosamine-1-phosphate acetyl transferase, phosphoglucosamine mutase, UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, phosphoglucomutase, and glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.

11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said genetically modified microbial host cell is cultivated in the presence of glucose, sucrose, glycerol or a combination thereof.

12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the microbial host cell is cultured in the absence of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.