Generating a lung condition map
A biomarker of lung condition can conventionally be obtained using a spirometer. A spirometer provides an estimate of the volume of air expelled by the lungs. This is a rather indirect biomarker of the staging of a lung condition, because a reduction in lung volume may only manifest itself at a point where symptoms are well advanced. A lung condition such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) is typically not visible on conventional X-ray attenuation images, because the relevant tissue (alveoli-bearing microstructured lung tissue) contains a lot of air. The X-ray dark-field can successfully indicate microstructure, such as lung alveoli. Therefore, imaging the lungs using the dark-field can provide information on the status of COPD.
1. An apparatus for generating a lung condition map, comprising:
an input unit configured to provide X-ray attenuation information and X-ray dark field information of a patient's chest; and
a processor configured to:
segment the X-ray attenuation information to provide segmented X-ray image data separated from unsegmented areas, wherein the segmented image data comprises a lung mask image corresponding to a lung structure region in the X-ray attenuation information;
provide boneless lung image data by applying a bone suppression algorithm to the lung mask image;
generate a lung depth map by applying a radiation attenuation model to the boneless lung image data, wherein the lung depth map comprises a lung thickness value for each data value of the boneless lung image data; and
normalize data values of the X-ray dark field information with spatially corresponding data values of the lung depth map in order to yield normalized lung dark-field information representing a lung condition map.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to perform the segmentation on the basis of the X-ray attenuation information.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to perform the segmentation on the basis of the X-ray dark field information.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the input unit is configured to provide the X-ray attenuation information and the X-ray dark field information as separate exposures; and wherein the processor is configured to register the X-ray dark field information and the X-ray attenuation information.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the lung condition map is displayed.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to generate a lung condition distribution of the X-ray attenuation information values against corresponding X-ray dark field information values; and wherein the lung condition distribution is displayed on a scatter plot.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the input unit is further configured to provide a lung condition map calibration table comprising a relationship between a range of X-ray dark field information values and a likelihood of the X-ray dark field information value representing a lung condition; wherein the processor is further configured to calibrate the lung condition map using the lung condition map calibration table; and wherein the lung condition map is displayed.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the input unit is further configured to provide the X-ray attenuation information as a posterior-anterior image, and to provide the X-ray dark field information as a posterior-anterior image; and wherein the processor is further configured to provide the lung condition map as a local comparison of a left lung with a right lung, or of an upper lung section with a lower lung section.
9. An X-ray imaging system, comprising:
an X-ray image acquisition device with an X-ray source and an X-ray detector, wherein the X-ray image acquisition device is configured to acquire X-ray attenuation information and X-ray dark-field information of a patient's chest; and
an apparatus comprising a processor configured to:
segment the X-ray attenuation information to provide segmented X-ray image data separated from unsegmented areas, wherein the segmented image data comprises a lung mask image corresponding to a lung structure region in the X-ray attenuation information;
provide boneless lung image data by applying a bone suppression algorithm to the lung mask image;
generate a lung depth map by applying a radiation attenuation model to the boneless lung image data, wherein the lung depth map comprises a lung thickness value for each data value of the boneless lung image data; and
normalize data values of the X-ray dark field information with spatially corresponding data values of the lung depth map in order to yield normalized lung dark-field information representing a lung condition map.
10. A method for generating a lung condition map, comprising:
providing X-ray attenuation information of a patient's chest;
providing X-ray dark field information of the patient's chest;
segmenting the X-ray attenuation information to provide segmented X-ray image data separated from unsegmented areas, wherein the segmented image data comprises a lung mask image corresponding to a lung structure region in the X-ray attenuation information;
providing boneless lung image data by applying a bone suppression algorithm to the lung mask image;
generating a lung depth map by applying a radiation attenuation model to the boneless lung image data, wherein the lung depth map comprises a lung thickness value for each data value of the boneless lung image data; and
normalizing data values of the X-ray dark field information with spatially corresponding data values of the lung depth map in order to yield normalized lung dark-field information representing a lung condition map.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the X-ray attenuation information and the X-ray dark field information is provided as separate exposures; and further comprising registering the X-ray dark field information to the X-ray attenuation information.
12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising displaying the lung condition map.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
providing lung condition calibration information comprising a relationship between a range of X-ray dark field information values and the likelihood of a X-ray dark field information value representing a lung condition;
calibrating the lung condition map using the lung condition calibration information; and
displaying the lung condition map.
14. A non-transitory computer readable medium having one or more executable instructions stored thereon, which when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method for generating a lung condition map, the method comprising:
providing X-ray attenuation information of a patient's chest;
providing X-ray dark field information of the patient's chest;
segmenting the X-ray attenuation information to provide segmented X-ray image data separated from unsegmented areas, wherein the segmented image data comprises a lung mask image corresponding to a lung structure region in the X-ray attenuation information;
providing boneless lung image data by applying a bone suppression algorithm to the lung mask image;
generating a lung depth map by applying a radiation attenuation model to the boneless lung image data, wherein the lung depth map comprises a lung thickness value for each data value of the boneless lung image data; and
normalizing data values of the X-ray dark field information with spatially corresponding data values of the lung depth map in order to yield normalized lung dark-field information representing a lung condition map.