Suppression of radionuclide deposition on nuclear power plant components
A method for depositing zinc on the surfaces of a coolant loop of a nuclear power plant includes: providing within a portion of the coolant loop a treatment solution comprising zinc and optionally one or more noble metals and/or reducing agent(s); allowing the treatment solution to remain in the portion for a treatment period; and removing the treatment solution from the portion. According to various embodiments, an average temperature of the treatment solution over the course of the treatment period is less than 150° C. or 100° C. According to various embodiments, an instantaneous temperature of the treatment solution remains below 150° C. or 100° C. throughout the treatment period. The zinc deposition treatment may be applied (1) before the plant is first put into power-generating operation or (2) during an outage following power-generating operation and optionally following a chemical decontamination to remove any oxides formed on surfaces of a coolant loop during prior power operation period(s).
1. A method comprising:
taking a nuclear power plant from a power-generating mode to a non-power-generating mode;
after taking the plant to the non-power-generating mode, and while the nuclear plant is in the non-power-generating mode:
providing a treatment solution comprising zinc within a portion of a first coolant loop of the nuclear plant,
allowing the treatment solution to remain in the portion for a first treatment period, and
removing the treatment solution from the portion of the first coolant loop, wherein said removing comprises transferring the solution from the portion of the first coolant loop to a portion of a second coolant loop of the nuclear plant;
allowing the solution to remain in the portion of the second coolant loop for a second treatment period;
removing the solution from the portion of the second coolant loop; and
returning the plant to the power-generating mode,
wherein the nuclear power plant comprises a reactor,
wherein the first and second coolant loops are configured to each flow through the reactor,
wherein the nuclear power plant comprises a first recirculation pump disposed in the first coolant loop for recirculating coolant through first coolant loop, and
wherein the nuclear power plant comprises a second recirculation pump disposed in the second coolant loop for recirculating coolant through the second coolant loop.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein an average temperature of said treatment solution over the course of the first treatment period is less than 100° C.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said treatment solution is maintained throughout the first treatment period at a temperature less than 150° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first treatment period is less than 10 days.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first treatment period is between 4 hours and 4 days.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adjusting the pH of the treatment solution to at least pH 7.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein prior to said providing, the portion of the first coolant loop had been previously exposed to radioactive corrosion products while the plant was in the power-generating mode.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first coolant loop comprises a primary coolant loop of the nuclear power plant.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said solution comprises at least 0.5 ppm zinc.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said solution comprises an organic carrier.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein zinc is present in said solution as zinc acetate.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the zinc is isotopically depleted in Zn-64.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the solution that is removed from the portion of the first coolant loop before it is transferred into the portion of the second coolant loop.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said solution comprises at least one noble metal.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein said at least one noble metal comprises platinum, rhodium, palladium or iridium.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein a concentration of said at least one noble metal in the solution is at least 0.5 ppm.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein:
a concentration of zinc in the solution is at least 0.5 ppm; and
a molar ratio of zinc to noble metal within the treatment solution is at least 0.1.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the molar ratio of zinc to noble metal within the treatment solution is between 0.5 and 1.5.
19. The method of claim 14 , further comprising, between said removing of the treatment solution from the portion of the first coolant loop and said returning:
verifying a concentration of adherent zinc particles adhering to one or more surfaces of the portion of the first coolant loop; and
verifying a concentration of adherent noble metal particles adhering to one or more surfaces of the portion of the first coolant loop.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, between said removing of the treatment solution from the portion of the first coolant loop and said returning: verifying a concentration of adherent zinc particles adhering to one or more surfaces of the portion of the first coolant loop.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein said treatment period occurs after a chemical decontamination process has been performed to at least partially remove oxides from a surface of the portion of the first coolant loop.
22. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after said taking of the nuclear power plant from the power-generating mode to the non-power-generating mode, and before said providing of the treatment solution within the portion of the first coolant loop:
performing a chemical decontamination process on the portion of the first coolant loop to at least partially remove oxides from a surface of the portion of the first coolant loop.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein said treatment solution comprises a first treatment solution, and wherein said first treatment period occurs after exposing the portion of the first coolant loop to a second treatment solution comprising one or more noble metals, wherein a concentration of zinc in the second treatment solution is less than 500 ppb.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein said providing of the treatment solution within the portion of the first coolant loop comprises:
providing within the portion of the first coolant loop a first treatment solution comprising one or more noble metals, wherein a concentration of zinc in the first treatment solution is less than 500 ppb; and
while the first treatment solution is in the portion of the first coolant loop, injecting a second treatment solution comprising zinc into the portion of the first coolant loop to form a third treatment solution that comprises the first and second treatment solutions.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the solution comprises a first treatment solution, and
the method further comprises, after taking the nuclear power plant from the power generating mode to the non-power-generating mode, and before said providing of the first treatment solution in the portion of the first coolant loop:
providing within the portion of the first coolant loop a second treatment solution comprising one or more noble metals, wherein a concentration of zinc in the second treatment solution is less than 500 ppb; and
allowing the second treatment solution to remain in the portion of the first coolant loop for a third treatment period.
26. The method of claim 25 , further comprising, before said providing of the first treatment solution in the portion of the first coolant loop:
removing the second treatment solution from the portion of the first coolant loop.
27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the first treatment solution provided within the portion of the first coolant loop has a noble metal concentration of less than 500 ppb.
28. The method of claim 25 , wherein said providing of the first treatment solution in the portion of the first coolant loop comprises adding zinc to the second treatment solution.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the solution comprises a first treatment solution, and
the method further comprises, after said providing and removing of the first treatment solution, and before said returning of the plant to the power-generating mode:
providing a second treatment solution comprising one or more noble metals;
allowing the second treatment solution to remain in the portion of the first coolant loop for a third treatment period, and
removing the second treatment solution from the portion of the first coolant loop.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein a concentration of noble metal in the first treatment solution is less than 500 ppb.
31. The method of claim 29 , wherein a concentration of zinc in the second treatment solution is less than 500 ppb.
32. The method of claim 1 , wherein: the solution comprises a first treatment solution with a noble metal concentration of less than 500 ppb, and
the method further comprises, after the first treatment period, and before said removing of the first treatment solution from the portion of the first coolant loop, adding one or more noble metals to the first treatment solution to provide a second treatment solution within the portion of the first coolant loop;
allowing the second treatment solution to remain in the portion of the first coolant loop for a third treatment period, and
removing the second treatment solution from the portion of the first coolant loop.
33. The method of claim 1 , wherein returning the plant to the power-generating mode comprises simultaneously running the first and second recirculation pumps so as to simultaneously pump reactor coolant through each of the first and second coolant loops, respectively.
34. The method of claim 1 , wherein returning the plant to the power-generating mode comprises simultaneously pumping coolant through each of the first and second coolant loops.
35. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second coolant loops are configured so as to permit simultaneous recirculation of coolant through the first and second coolant loops.
36. The method of claim 1 , wherein, outside a reactor of the nuclear power plant, the first and second coolant loops are separate from each other.