Diagnosis and treatment of parkinson's disease based on identification and amelioration of liver dysfunction
Disclosed are methods for diagnosing Parkinson's disease, or identifying a risk of developing Parkinson's disease, comprising measuring the amount of a biomolecule in a blood sample, liver sample, or hepatocyte. Also disclosed are methods for preventing or treating Parkinson's disease, comprising administering a therapeutically effective plurality of hepatocytes to a subject in need thereof.
1. A method for diagnosing or identifying a risk of developing Parkinson's disease, comprising:
providing a peripheral blood mononuclear cell taken from a human subject;
generating a pluripotent stem cell from the peripheral blood monocuclear cell;
differentiating the pluripotent stem cell into a hepatocyte;
measuring the amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in the hepatocyte, and the amount of albumin protein secreted by the hepatocyte; and
diagnosing the subject as having Parkinson's disease or identifying the subject as at risk of developing Parkinson's disease if:
(a) the measured amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 mRNA is less than that in a hepatocyte derived from a peripheral blood monocuclear cell taken from an individual without Parkinson's disease and then differentiated into the hepatocyte;
(b) the measured amount of Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA is greater than that in a hepatocyte derived from a peripheral blood monocuclear cell taken from an individual without Parkinson's disease and then differentiated into the hepatocyte; and
(c) the measured amount of secreted albumin is less than that of a hepatocyte derived from a peripheral blood monocuclear cell taken from an individual without Parkinson's disease and then differentiated into the hepatocyte.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a blood sample of the subject is provided and the peripheral blood mononuclear cell is isolated from the blood sample.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in the hepatocyte is measured using PCR.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in the hepatocyte is measured using microarray analysis or sequencing.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of albumin protein secreted by the hepatocyte is measured using an immunoassay.
6. A method for identifying a therapeutic agent for treating Parkinson's disease, comprising:
(a) contacting a first hepatocyte with a compound or composition, wherein the first hepatocyte was generated from a peripheral blood mononuclear cell of a human subject with Parkinson's disease;
(b) measuring the amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in the first hepatocyte and the amount of albumin protein secreted by the first hepatocyte;
(c) comparing the amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in the first hepatocyte and the amount of albumin protein secreted by the first hepatocyte with an amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in a control hepatocyte and the amount of albumin protein secreted by the control hepatocyte, wherein said control hepatocyte was generated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cell of the human subject with Parkinson's disease but has not been contacted with the compound or composition; and
(d) identifying the compound or composition as a therapeutic agent for treating Parkinson's disease if:
(i) the amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 mRNA in the first hepatocyte is greater than the amount of antitrypsin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 mRNA in the control hepatocyte;
(ii) the amount of Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in the first hepatocyte is less than the amount of Kruppel-like factor 4 mRNA in the control hepatocyte; and
(iii) the amount of albumin protein secreted by the first hepatocyte is more than the amount of albumin secreted by the control hepatocyte.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first hepatocyte is contacted with a compound, and the compound is a small molecule.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first hepatocyte is contacted with a composition, and the composition comprises a biologic.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the biologic is CRISPR/Cas, a zinc finger nuclease, or a transcription activator-like effector nuclease.