Phase-pure, two-dimensional, multilayered perovskites for optoelectronic applications
Highly phase-pure, two-dimensional, multilayered organic-inorganic hybrid, halide perovskites are provided. Also provided are optoelectronic devices that incorporate the halide perovskites as photoactive materials.
1. A material comprising homologous, two-dimensional halide perovskites having the formula (RNH 3 ) 2 A (n−1) M n X (3n+1) or the formula (H 3 NRNH 3 )A (n−1) M n X (3n+1) , where R is an aliphatic or aromatic chain, A is a small organic or inorganic cation, M is a divalent metal cation, X is a halide anion, and n is an integer having a value of 3 or greater, wherein at least 95%, based on mole fraction, of the material comprises the two-dimensional halide perovskites having the same n value.
2. The material of claim 1 , wherein n has a value of 4 or greater.
3. The material of claim 1 , wherein at least 95%, based on mole fraction, of the material comprises the two-dimensional halide perovskites having an n value of 4.
4. The material of claim 1 , wherein A is CH 3 NH 3 .
5. The material of claim 4 , wherein M is Pb, Sn or Ge.
6. The material of claim 1 , wherein A is HC(NH 2 ) 2 .
7. The material of claim 1 , wherein A is Cs.
8. The material of claim 1 , wherein A is Rb.
9. The material of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional halide perovskites have the formula (RNH 3 ) 2 A (n−1) M n X (3n+1) .
10. The material of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional halide perovskites have the formula (H 3 NRNH 3 )A (n−1) M n X (3n+1) .
11. The material of claim 1 comprising at least one gram of the homologous, two-dimensional halide perovskites.
12. An optoelectronic device comprising:
(a) a first electrode comprising an electrically conductive material;
(b) a second electrode comprising an electrically conductive material; and
(c) the material of claim 1 in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode.
13. A method of making the material of claim 1 , the method comprising reacting a small organic or inorganic cation (A) and a halide of a divalent metal cation (M) with a sub-stoichiometric quantity of an aromatic or aliphatic ammonium cation in a solution, heating the solution to a temperature above room temperature, and allowing the solution to cool, whereby substantially phase-pure two-dimensional halide perovskites precipitate out of the solution, wherein the two-dimensional halide perovskites have the formula (RNH 3 ) 2 A (n−1) M n X (3n+1) or the formula (H 3 NRNH 3 )A (n−1) M n X (3n+1) and at least 95%, based on mole fraction, of the material comprises the two-dimensional halide perovskites having the same n value.
14. A material comprising homologous, two-dimensional halide perovskites having the formula (RNH 3 )A n M n X (3n+1) , where R is an aliphatic or aromatic chain, A is a small organic or inorganic cation, M is a divalent metal cation, X is a halide anion, and n is an integer having a value of 1 or greater.
15. The material of claim 14 , wherein n has a value of 2 or greater.
16. The material of claim 14 , wherein A is CH 3 NH 3 .
17. The material of claim 16 , wherein M is Pb, Sn, or Ge.
18. The material of claim 17 , wherein RNH 3 is C(NH 2 ) 3 .
19. The material of claim 14 , wherein A is HC(NH 2 ) 2 .
20. The material of claim 14 , wherein A is Cs.
21. The material of claim 14 , wherein A is Rb.
22. The material of claim 14 , wherein A is C(NH 2 ) 3 .