Thermostable glucose biosensors and uses thereof

1. A biosensor for glucose, comprising a glucose-binding protein and a reporter group that transduces a detectable signal, wherein the reporter group is attached to the glucose-binding protein so that a signal transduced by the reporter group when the glucose-binding protein is bound to glucose differs from a signal transduced by the reporter group when the glucose-binding protein is not bound to glucose, wherein the glucose-binding protein does not comprise a Ca 2+ binding site, wherein the glucose-binding protein does not comprise an enzyme, and wherein the glucose-binding protein comprises a glucose-binding protein from Thermus scotoductus (tsGBP2; SEQ ID NO: 2, 10, or 110), wherein the glucose-binding protein comprises an E13C substitution and an W244X substitution, wherein X is any amino acid, an amino acid that results in a conservative substitution, or a cysteine, wherein each position is counted in tsGBP2 with the signal peptide replaced with a methionine (SEQ ID NO: 10 or 110), wherein the reporter group is attached to the substitute amino acid at position 13 or 244.

2. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the Thermus scotoductus glucose-binding protein comprises amino acids in the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 48 or 56, and wherein Acrylodan is attached to a cysteine of said glucose-binding protein.

3. The biosensor of claim 2 , wherein the glucose-binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.

4. The biosensor of claim 2 , wherein the glucose-binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56.

5. The biosensor of claim 1 , the X at position 244 is a cysteine.

6. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the amino acid sequence of said glucose-binding protein is less than 20% identical to the amino acid sequence of E. coli glucose-galactose binding protein (ecGGBP; SEQ ID NO: 117).

7. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the glucose-binding protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is between 90% and 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of tsGBP2.

8. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the C a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) between the backbone of the glucose-binding polypeptide and tsGBP2 is between about 0-3 Å, 0-1 Å, 0-1.5 Å, 0-2 Å, 0.1-3 Å, 0.5-1 Å, 0.5-1.5 Å, or 0.5-2 Å, or less than about 0.1 Å, 0.2 Å, 0.3 Å, 0.4 Å, 0.5 Å, 0.6 Å, 0.7 Å, 0.8 Å, 0.9 Å, 1.0 Å, 1.5 Å, 1.6 Å, 1.7 Å, 1.8 Å, 1.9 Å, 2.0 Å, 2.5 Å, or 3 Å.

9. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the reporter group is covalently attached to the glucose-binding protein.

10. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the reporter group is conjugated to a cysteine of the glucose-binding protein.

11. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the reporter group comprises a fluorophore.

12. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein Acrylodan or Badan is attached to the cysteine on position 13 of the glucose-binding protein.

13. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein X is phenylalanine.

14. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the glucose-binding protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 48.

15. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the glucose-binding protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 56.

16. A method of detecting the presence or concentration of glucose in a sample, the method comprising:

(a) contacting the biosensor of claim 1 with the sample;

(b) measuring a signal from the biosensor; and

(c) comparing the signal to a glucose control value, wherein a difference in signal indicates the presence of glucose in the sample.

17. A method for monitoring the level of glucose in a subject, comprising

(a) administering a biosensor according to claim 1 or a device comprising a biosensor according to claim 1 to the subject, wherein after administration the biosensor is in contact with a bodily fluid or surface of the subject, and

(b) detecting (i) a signal produced by a reporter group of the biosensor continuously or repeatedly at intervals less than about 30 minutes apart, and/or (ii) whether a signal is produced by a reporter group of the biosensor continuously or repeatedly at intervals less than about 30 minutes apart.