Curing agents for compounds
A fluoroelastomer compound comprising at least one co-agent and at least one chemical entity comprising: (1) an azo functional group or (2) an oxazoline functional group, when cured into an article using a peroxide curing agent, the article exhibits no visible particles on the article surface when viewed at a magnification of 500 times that of an unmagnified image.
1. A compound comprising:
A) a fluoroelastomer A comprising copolymerized units of:
(1) at least one fluorinated olefin A(1);
(2) at least one co-monomer A(2) different from fluorinated olefin A(1) selected from the group consisting of fluorovinyl ethers, fluorinated olefins, olefins, and mixtures of these;
(3) at least one chain transfer agent or fluorinated monomer comprising cure sites;
B) 0.1 to 10 parts per 100 parts fluoroelastomer A of at least one co-agent B selected from the group consisting of triallyl cyanurate, trimethacryl isocyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trimethallyl isocyanurate, triacryl formal, triallyl trimellitate, N,N′-m-phenylene bismaleimide, diallyl phthalate, tetraallylterephthalamide, tri(diallylamine)-s-triazine, triallyl phosphite, N,N-diallylacrylamide, and combinations of these;
C) 0.05 to 5 parts per 100 parts fluoroelastomer A of at least one chemical entity C comprising an azo functional group selected from the group consisting of formulas (XIII), (XIV), and (XV):
wherein:
each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 to C 8 alkyl groups in which the alkyl group is linear, branched, or cyclic; and
combinations of these; and
D) 0.01 to 10 parts per 100 parts fluoroelastomer A of a peroxide curing agent;
wherein, when the compound has been cured into an article, the article exhibits no visible particles on the article surface when viewed at a magnification of 500 times that of an unmagnified image.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein fluorinated olefin A(1) is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, 1,1-difluoroethylene; 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene; 1-fluoroethylene, and mixtures of these.
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein co-agent B is selected from the group consisting of triallyl cyanurate, trimethacryl isocyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trimethallyl isocyanurate, and combinations of these.
4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the chemical entity C comprising an azo functional group is selected from the group consisting of 2,2′-azobis-(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride; 1,1′-azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile; and 2,2′-azobis-(2-isobutyronitrile).
5. The compound of claim 1 , further comprising at least one additive.
6. The compound of claim 5 , wherein the at least one additive is selected from the group comprising nonperfluoro-fluorine-containing elastomers, micropowders, carbon black, stabilizers, plasticizers, lubricants, processing aids, and mixtures of these.
7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein co-monomer A(2) is at least one fluorovinyl ether selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, perfluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, and mixtures of these.
8. The compound of claim 7 , wherein fluorinated olefin co-monomer A(2) is selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(methyl vinyl) ether, perfluoro(propyl vinyl) ether, and mixtures of these.
9. An article comprising a cured compound that, before curing, comprised:
A) a fluoroelastomer A comprising copolymerized units of:
(1) at least one fluorinated olefin A(1) ;
(2) at least one co-monomer A(2) different from fluorinated olefin A(1) selected from the group consisting of fluorovinyl ethers, fluorinated olefins, olefins, and mixtures of these;
(3) at least one chain transfer agent or fluorinated monomer comprising cure sites;
B) 0.1 to 10 parts per 100 parts fluoroelastomer A of at least one co-agent B selected from the group consisting of triallyl cyanurate, trimethacryl isocyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trimethallyl isocyanurate, triacryl formal, triallyl trimellitate, N,N′-m-phenylene bismaleimide, diallyl phthalate, tetraallylterephthalamide, tri(diallylamine)-s-triazine, triallyl phosphite, N,N-diallylacrylamide, and combinations of these;
C) 0.05 to 5 parts per 100 parts fluoroelastomer A of at least one chemical entity C comprising an azo functional group selected from the group consisting of formulas (XIII), (XIV), and (XV):
wherein:
each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 to C 8 alkyl groups in which the alkyl group is linear, branched, or cyclic; and combinations of these; and
D) 0.01 to 10 parts per 100 parts fluoroelastomer A of a peroxide curing agent;
wherein, the article exhibits no visible particles on the article surface when viewed at a magnification of 500 times that of an unmagnified image.
10. The article of claim 9 in the form of a gasket, tube, seal, or O-ring.
11. The article of claim 9 in which chemical entity C comprises an azo functional group and wherein the article has a compression set of 70 percent or less when measured at 200 ° C. for 672 hours in air according to ASTM D395-89.
12. The article of claim 9 , wherein fluorinated olefin A(1) is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, 1,1-difluoroethylene; 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene; 1-fluoroethylene, and mixtures of these.
13. The article of claim 9 , wherein co-monomer A(2) is at least one fluorovinyl ether selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, perfluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, and mixtures of these.
14. A process comprising the steps of:
a) providing a fluoroelastomer A comprising copolymerized units of:
(1) at least one fluorinated olefin A(1);
(2) at least one co-monomer A(2) different from fluorinated olefin A(1) selected from the group consisting of fluorovinyl ethers, fluorinated olefins, olefins, and mixtures of these;
(3) at least one chain transfer agent or fluorinated monomer comprising cure sites; and
b) curing fluoroelastomer A with at least one co-agent B, a chemical entity C comprising an azo functional group, and a peroxide curing agent, said chemical entity C selected from the group consisting of formulas (XIII), (XIV), and (XV):
wherein:
each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 to C 8 alkyl groups in which the alkyl group is linear, branched, or cyclic; and combinations of these.
15. The process of claim 14 , wherein fluorinated olefin A(1) is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, 1,1-difluoroethylene; 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene; 1-fluoroethylene, and mixtures of these.
16. The process of claim 14 , wherein co-monomer A(2) is at least one fluorovinyl ether selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, perfluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers, fluoro(alkoxy vinyl) ethers, and mixtures of these.