Reference electrode for electrochemical measurements at high temperatures
A reference electrode which is stable over a wide range of temperatures, pressures and chemical conditions is provided. The subject reference electrode according to the present invention comprises a tubular enclosure composed of quartz having a distal, closed end and a proximal, open end. An insulating ceramic rod is seemingly connected to the opening in the closed distal end of the enclosure to form micro-cracks between the ceramic rod and the quartz enclosure (called a cracked junction, CJ). The CJ gives a very tortuous path for ion conduction from inside the reference electrode (RE) to a working electrode (WE). Inside the tubular enclosure is an electrical lead (e.g., a silver wire) disposed in an electrolyte comprising a mixture of alkaline metal salts (e.g., AgCl and KCl), extending from the electrolyte upward through a sealing means at the proximal end of the quartz enclosure.
1. A reference electrode for use at high temperatures comprising:
a tubular enclosure having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein said distal end comprises a junction for ionic conduction between the reference electrode and a working electrode;
a non-porous insulating ceramic rod sealingly connected to said distal end of said enclosure to form micro-cracks between said ceramic rod and said enclosure at said junction;
an electrolyte disposed inside of said enclosure, said electrolyte comprising silver chloride (AgCl) and potassium chloride (KCl);
a sealing means for sealing said enclosure at said proximal end; and
an electrical lead disposed in said electrolyte in said enclosure and extending through said sealing means at the proximal end of said enclosure.
2. The reference electrode of claim 1 , wherein the enclosure is composed of heavy-walled quartz.
3. The reference electrode of claim 1 , wherein the insulating ceramic rod is composed of alumina.
4. The reference electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrical lead is composed of silver.
5. A reference electrode for use at high temperatures comprising:
a tubular enclosure inert to temperatures above 900° C. having an open proximal end and a closed distal end, wherein said closed distal end comprises a junction for ionic conduction between the reference electrode and a working electrode;
a non-porous insulating ceramic rod fused to said opening at said closed distal end to form micro-cracks between said ceramic rod and said enclosure at said junction;
an electrolyte disposed inside of said enclosure, said electrolyte comprising potassium chloride (KCl);
a sealing means for sealing said enclosure at said proximal end; and
an electrical lead disposed in said electrolyte in said enclosure and extending through said sealing means at the proximal end of said enclosure.
6. The reference electrode of claim 5 , wherein the enclosure is composed of alumina.
7. The reference electrode of claim 5 , wherein the insulating ceramic rod is composed of zirconia.
8. The reference electrode of claim 5 , wherein the electrical lead is composed of tungsten.
9. A reference electrode for use at high temperatures comprising:
a tubular enclosure having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein said distal end comprises a junction for ionic conduction between the reference electrode and a working electrode;
a non-porous insulating ceramic rod sealingly connected to said distal end of said enclosure to form micro-cracks between said ceramic rod and said enclosure at said junction;
an electrolyte disposed inside of said enclosure, said electrolyte comprising an alkaline metal salt;
a sealing means for sealing said enclosure at said proximal end; and
an electrical lead disposed in said electrolyte in said enclosure and extending through said sealing means at the proximal end of said enclosure, wherein the electrical lead is composed of silver.
10. The reference electrode of claim 9 , wherein the enclosure is composed of heavy-walled quartz.
11. The reference electrode of claim 9 , wherein the insulating ceramic rod is composed of alumina.
12. The reference electrode of claim 9 , wherein the electrolyte comprises silver chloride (AgCl) and potassium chloride (KCl).
13. A reference electrode for use at high temperatures comprising:
a tubular enclosure inert to temperatures above 900° C. having an open proximal end and a closed distal end, wherein said closed distal end comprises a junction for ionic conduction between the reference electrode and a working electrode;
a non-porous insulating ceramic rod fused to said opening at said closed distal end to form micro-cracks between said ceramic rod and said enclosure at said junction;
an electrolyte disposed inside of said enclosure, said electrolyte comprising an alkaline metal salt;
a sealing means for sealing said enclosure at said proximal end; and
an electrical lead disposed in said electrolyte in said enclosure and extending through said sealing means at the proximal end of said enclosure, wherein the electrical lead is composed of tungsten.
14. The reference electrode of claim 13 , wherein the enclosure is composed of alumina.
15. The reference electrode of claim 13 , wherein the insulating ceramic rod is composed of zirconia.
16. The reference electrode of claim 13 , wherein the electrolyte comprises potassium chloride (KCl).