Electrically restorable rechargeable battery, and methods of manufacture and methods of operating the battery

1. A battery system comprising:

a lithium-ion cell comprising

a positive electrode comprising a first metal oxide,

an electrolyte, and

a negative electrode comprising a second lithium metal oxide having an electrochemical redox potential of 0.5 volt to 3 volts versus lithium; and

an electrical circuit comprising a switchable component connecting the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the switchable component provides a shunt between the positive electrode and the negative electrode in a first switch position, and

wherein the electrical circuit is configured to discharge the lithium ion cell to a voltage of 0.1 volt or less between the positive electrode and the negative electrode when the switchable component is in the first switch position.

2. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the battery system comprises 1 to 50,000 lithium-ion cells.

3. The battery system of claim 2 ,

wherein the lithium-ion cells are electrically connected and comprise a first cell and a last cell,

wherein the electrical circuit connects one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the first cell and one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the last cell, and

wherein the lithium-ion cells are connected in series, parallel, or a combination thereof.

4. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the first metal oxide comprises a lithium nickel oxide, a lithium cobalt oxide, a lithium manganese oxide, a lithium iron phosphate, or a combination thereof.

5. The battery system of claim 4 , wherein the first metal oxide comprises a lithium nickel oxide having a layered structure.

6. The battery system of claim 5 , wherein the first metal oxide is of the formula Li x MO 2 , wherein M comprises Ni and wherein 0<x<1.2.

7. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the second metal oxide comprises a titanium oxide, a niobium oxide, a titanium niobium oxide, a lithium titanium oxide, a lithium niobium oxide, lithium titanium niobium oxide, or a combination thereof.

8. The battery system of claim 7 , wherein the lithium titanium oxide is of the formula Li 4+y Ti 5 O 12 , wherein 0≤y≤3.

9. The battery system of claim 7 , wherein the lithium niobium oxide is of the formula

Li q M 4 1−r Nb 2+r O 7

wherein M 4 is Ti, Zr, Hf, W, or a combination thereof, 0≤q≤3, and 0≤r≤1.

10. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode comprises a current collector, and wherein the current collector comprises a metal, which is electrochemically reactive with lithium at a potential of 0.1 volt to 0.8 volt versus lithium.

11. The battery system of claim 10 , wherein the current collector comprises aluminum.

12. The battery system of claim 11 , wherein the current collector does not comprise copper.

13. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the shunt has a resistance of 0.001R to 10R, wherein R=V/C, wherein V is a voltage of the battery and C is a current which discharges the battery in 1 hour.

14. The battery system of claim 13 , wherein the electrical circuit is configured to provide a voltage of 0.1 volt or less between the positive electrode and the negative electrode when the shunt is engaged for at least 0.001 hour.

15. A method of restoring a battery, the method comprising:

providing a battery comprising a lithium-ion cell comprising

a positive electrode comprising a first metal oxide,

an electrolyte, and

a negative electrode comprising a second metal oxide having an electrochemical redox potential of 0.5 volt to 3 volts versus lithium;

discharging the battery to a voltage of 0.1 volt or less; and

providing a shunt between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the cell to restore the battery.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the discharging comprises discharging at a rate of less than 10 C.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the providing the shunt comprises providing a shunt having a resistance of 0.001R to 10R, where R=V/C with V being a voltage of the battery and C being a current which discharges the battery in 1 hour.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the providing the shunt comprises providing the shunt and maintaining a voltage of the battery of 0.1 volt or less for at least 0.001 hour.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the providing the shunt comprises providing the shunt at a battery temperature of −40° C. to 50° C.

20. A method of manufacturing a battery system, the method comprising:

connecting a lithium-ion cell to an electrical circuit to manufacture the battery,

wherein the lithium-ion cell comprises

a positive electrode comprising a first metal oxide,

an electrolyte, and

a negative electrode comprising a second metal oxide having an electrochemical redox potential of 0.5 volt to 3 volts versus lithium,

wherein the electrical circuit comprises a switchable component connecting the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the switchable component provides a shunt between the positive electrode and the negative electrode in a first switch position, and

wherein the electrical circuit is configured to discharge the battery to a voltage of 0.1 volt or less between the positive electrode and the negative electrode when the switchable component is in the first switch position.

21. A vehicle comprising:

an electric motor; and

a battery system connected to the electric motor, wherein the battery system comprises

a lithium-ion cell comprising

a positive electrode comprising a first metal oxide,

an electrolyte, and

a negative electrode comprising a second metal oxide having an electrochemical redox potential of 0.5 volt to 3 volts versus lithium, and

an electrical circuit comprising a switchable component connecting the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the switchable component provides a shunt between the positive electrode and the negative electrode in a first switch position, and wherein the electrical circuit is configured to discharge the lithium-ion cell to a voltage of 0.1 volt or less between the positive electrode and the negative electrode when the switchable component is in the first switch position.