Illumination apparatus confining light by total internal reflection and methods of forming the same
In various embodiments, an illumination apparatus includes an air gap between a sub-assembly and a waveguide attached thereto at a plurality of discrete attachment points, as well as a bare-die light-emitting diode encapsulated by the waveguide.
1. An illumination device comprising:
a waveguide;
a light-emitting diode (LED), light emitted by the LED being in-coupled into the waveguide and emitted from the waveguide at an out-coupling region thereof; and
a sub-assembly having at least one relief trench extending therethrough to define a relief, the relief being elastically deformable in at least a first direction,
wherein the waveguide is attached to the sub-assembly at least at a first attachment point disposed on the relief.
2. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide defines one or more protrusions protruding from a surface of the waveguide facing the sub-assembly, at least one of the protrusions being attached to the sub-assembly at the first attachment point.
3. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein the sub-assembly defines one or more protrusions protruding from a surface of the sub-assembly facing the waveguide, at least one of the protrusions being attached to the waveguide at the first attachment point.
4. The illumination device of claim 1 , further comprising an adhesive disposed at least at the first attachment point.
5. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is attached to the sub-assembly at a second attachment point not disposed on the relief.
6. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein the first direction is substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the waveguide.
7. The illumination device of claim 1 , further comprising an air gap disposed between at least a portion of the sub-assembly and at least a portion of the waveguide.
8. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein light is confined in the waveguide at least partially via total internal reflection at a surface of the waveguide facing the sub-assembly.
9. The illumination device of claim 1 , further comprising an index-matching material disposed between the LED and the waveguide.
10. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein (i) the sub-assembly provides mechanical support to the LED, and (ii) the LED is at least partially disposed within a recess defined in the waveguide.
11. The illumination device of claim 1 , further comprising a reflector disposed over a portion of the waveguide.
12. The illumination device of claim 1 , further comprising a discrete separator disposed between the waveguide and the sub-assembly at the first attachment point.
13. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide comprises therein and/or thereover an in-coupling element for in-coupling light emitted by the LED into the waveguide.
14. The illumination device of claim 13 , wherein the in-coupling element comprises at least one of a reflector, a prism, or one or more scattering elements.
15. The illumination device of claim 1 , wherein the LED is a bare-die LED.
16. The illumination device of claim 1 , further comprising a phosphor for converting at least a portion of light emitted by the LED to light having a different wavelength.