Dose and location controlled drug/gene/particle delivery to individual cells by nanoelectroporation
A simple and low cost method of producing sealed arrays of laterally ordered nanochannels interconnected to microchannels of tunable size, over large surface areas, is disclosed. The method incorporates DNA combing and subsequent imprinting. Associated micro and macroscale inlets and outlets can be formed in the same process or manufactured later in low cost, non-cleanroom techniques. The techniques embrace two procedures, generating DNA nanostrands and translating these strands into nanoscale constructs via imprinting. Devices incorporating the novel arrays have a first microchannel, a second microchannel and a nanochannel that is substantially linear and which defines an axis. The nanochannel is connected at its open ends to the microchannels, which are aligned along the axis. Methods for precise dose delivery of agents into cells employing the devices in nanoelectroporation methods are also disclosed.
1. A device for simultaneously transfecting a plurality of cells with a transfecting agent by nanoelectroporation, the device comprising:
a substrate;
an array of transfection sites arranged on the substrate, each transfection site having a first microchannel, a second microchannel and a nanochannel;
wherein each said nanochannel has a first opening at the first microchannel and a second opening at the second microchannel, the nanochannel connecting and extending between the first and second microchannels;
a first reservoir, arranged on the substrate; for containing an amount of the transfecting agent, the first reservoir in communication with the first microchannels of the array; and
a second reservoir, arranged on the substrate, for containing an amount of the cells to be transfected, the second reservoir in communication with the second microchannels of the array.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the nanochannels are laterally ordered and each nanochannel defines an axis, with the first and second microchannel connected to each nanochannel aligned with the axis.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein each nanochannel has a diameter in the range of between 10 and 200 nm.
4. The device of claim 2 , wherein each nanochannel has a diameter in the range of between 10 and 200 nm.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and the second microchannel has a curved end to which the nanochannel is connected.
6. The device of claim 2 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and the second microchannel has a curved end to which the nanochannel is connected.
7. The device of claim 3 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and the second microchannel has a curved end to which the nanochannel is connected.
8. The device of claim 4 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and the second microchannel has a curved end to which the nanochannel is connected.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and second microchannels have a diameter in the range of between 2 to 20 microns.
10. The device of claim 2 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and second microchannels have a diameter in the range of between 2 to 20 microns.
11. The device of claim 3 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and second microchannels have a diameter in the range of between 2 to 20 microns.
12. The device of claim 4 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and second microchannels have a diameter in the range of between 2 to 20 microns.
13. The device of claim 5 , wherein, for each transfection site, the first and second microchannels have a diameter in the range of between 2 to 20 microns.
14. The device of claim 3 wherein the nanochannel is between 0.5 and 5 μm in length.
15. The device of claim 4 wherein the nanochannel is between 0.5 and 5 μm in length.
16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is formed from an organic polymer.
17. The device of claim 16 , wherein the organic polymer is a UV-curable polymer.
18. The device of claim 1 , wherein each nanochannel is sized, relative to the transfecting agent, such that diffusion of the transfecting agent therethrough is dominated by electrophoresis when electrical voltage is applied across the nanochannel.