Composite electrode for aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries
An aqueous rechargeable zinc ion battery is provided, the battery comprising a cathode comprising a V 3 O 7 .H 2 O-graphene composite, the composite comprising a plurality of V 3 O 7 .H 2 O nanostructures in contact with graphene, an anode in electrical communication with the cathode, the anode comprising zinc, and an aqueous electrolyte between the cathode and the anode, the aqueous electrolyte comprising zinc ions and an ether of a type and at an amount selected to maximize a capacity retention value of the battery.
1. An aqueous rechargeable zinc ion battery comprising:
a cathode comprising a V 3 O 7 .H 2 O-graphene composite, the composite comprising a plurality of V 3 O 7 .H 2 O nanostructures in contact with graphene,
an anode in electrical communication with the cathode, the anode comprising zinc, and
an aqueous electrolyte between the cathode and the anode, the aqueous electrolyte comprising zinc ions and an ether of a type and providing a total amount of ether in the aqueous electrolyte, the type and the total amount selected to maximize a capacity retention value of the battery wherein the total amount of ether is in a range from 1 vol. % to 5 vol. %.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the V 3 O 7 .H 2 O nanostructures are V 3 O 7 .H 2 O nanowires.
3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the ether is selected from diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran.
4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the ether is selected from diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran and the amount of ether is in a range of from 1 vol. % to 5 vol. %.
5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the capacity retention value of the battery is at least 80% at 20 C and after 2000 cycles.
6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the capacity retention value of the battery is at least 85% at 20 C and after 2000 cycles.
7. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the battery is characterized by one or both of: a specific capacity of at least 375 mAh g −1 at 1/3 C and a rate capability of at least 250 mAh g −1 at 20 C.
8. The battery of claim 7 , wherein the battery is characterized by both the specific capacity of at least 375 mAh g −1 at 1/3 C and the rate capability of at least 250 mAh g −1 at 20 C.
9. An aqueous rechargeable zinc ion battery comprising:
a cathode comprising a V 3 O 7 .H 2 O-graphene composite, the composite comprising a plurality of V 3 O 7 .H 2 O nanowires in contact with graphene,
an anode in electrical communication with the cathode, the anode comprising zinc, and
an aqueous electrolyte between the cathode and the anode, the aqueous electrolyte comprising zinc ions and an ether providing a total amount of ether in the aqueous electrolyte in a range of from 1 vol. % to 5 vol. %.
10. The battery of claim 9 , wherein the ether is selected from diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran.
11. The battery of claim 9 , wherein the battery is characterized by a capacity retention value of at least 80% at 20 C and after 2000 cycles.
12. The battery of claim 9 , wherein the battery is characterized by a capacity retention value of at least 85% at 20 C and after 2000 cycles.
13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the battery is characterized by one or both of: a specific capacity of at least 375 mAh g −1 at 1/3 C and a rate capability of at least 250 mAh g −1 at 20 C.
14. The battery of claim 13 , wherein the battery is characterized by both the specific capacity of at least 375 mAh g −1 at 1/3 C and the rate capability of at least 250 mAh g −1 at 20 C.
15. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the ether is diethyl ether.
16. The battery of claim 9 , wherein the ether is diethyl ether.