Flashing ratchets
Provided herein are flashing ratchets that produce transport based on the oscillating application of regularly-spaced, asymmetric potentials. In particular, devices are provided that transport electrons without the requirement of an overall source-drain bias favoring electron transport.
1. A device comprising:
(a) a particle transport layer,
(b) a dielectric layer, and
(c) a repeating asymmetric electrode layer comprising multiple regularly spaced electrodes;
wherein the dielectric layer physically separates the particle transport layer and the repeating asymmetric electrode layer;
wherein application of an electric potential to the electrodes induces repeating asymmetric electric field within the particle transport layer; and
wherein time-oscillation of the electric potential results in asymmetric-electric-field-induced mono-directional particle transport through the particle transport layer without the requirement of an overall source-drain bias in the direction of transport.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the particle transport layer comprises a bulk heterojunction (BJH) film.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the BJH film comprises a blend of poly(3-hexyl-thiophene-2,5-diyl)(P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the BJH film comprises a 1:1 P3HT:PCBM blend.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the particle transport layer produces mobile electrons and holes upon dissociation of photoexcited states.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein there is no overall source-drain bias across the particle transport layer.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein there is an overall source-drain bias across the particle transport layer in the opposing direction of mono-directional particle transport.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the repeating asymmetric electrode layer comprises an array of four or more linearly-arranged, regularly-spaced finger electrodes with an asymmetric thickness profile along the direction of transport.
9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the finger electrodes sit upon a thermal silicon oxide layer.
10. The device of claim 8 , wherein the finger electrodes are 20 nm to 1 μm in width.
11. The device of claim 10 , wherein the finger electrodes are separated by 20 nm to 1 μm.
12. The device of claim 8 , wherein the electric potential applied to the electrodes is between 10 kHz and 10 MHz.
13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the transported particles are electrons.
14. The device of claim 13 , wherein the electrons are thermally- or photo-generated in the particle transport layer.
15. The device of claim 13 , wherein the transport of electrons through the particle transport layer creates direct electric current across the particle transport layer.
16. The device of claim 15 , wherein the particle transport layer is photo-responsive and illumination alters the direct electric current.
17. A method of mono-directionally transporting particles through a transport material, without an overall source-drain bias in the direction of transport, comprising applying time-oscillated electric potential to multiple regularly spaced electrodes within a repeating asymmetric electrode layer that is physically separated from the transport material by a dielectric material, thereby inducing a repeating asymmetric electric field within the transport material, wherein the asymmetric electric field drives mono-directional particle transport through the transport layer without the requirement of an overall source-drain bias in the direction of transport.