Imaging devices having piezoelectric transducers
An imaging system includes: a transceiver cell for generating a pressure wave and converting an external pressure wave into an electrical signal; and a control unit for controlling an operation of the transceiver cell. The transceiver cell includes: a substrate; at least one membrane suspending from the substrate; and a plurality of transducer elements mounted on the at least one membrane. Each of the plurality of transducer elements has a bottom electrode, a piezoelectric layer on bottom electrode, and at least one top electrode on the piezoelectric layer. Each of the plurality of transducer element generates a bending moment in response to applying an electrical potential across the bottom electrode and the at least one top electrode and develops an electrical charge in response to a bending moment due to the external pressure wave.
1. A transceiver element, comprising:
a substrate;
at least one membrane suspending from the substrate;
a second substrate, wherein the second substrate includes a first metal conductor and the at least one membrane includes a second metal conductor and wherein the first and second metal conductors form a capacitor; and
a plurality of transducer elements mounted on the at least one membrane, each of the plurality of transducer elements having a bottom electrode, a piezoelectric layer on the bottom electrode, and at least one top electrode on the piezoelectric layer, each of the plurality of transducer elements generating a bending moment in response to applying an electrical potential across the bottom electrode and the at least one top electrode and developing an electrical charge in response to applying a bending moment thereto,
wherein the piezoelectric layer of a first transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements is polarized in a direction opposite to the piezoelectric layer of a second transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements.
2. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the at least one membrane includes at least one of a groove and a bump to thereby have a variable thickness.
3. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the first and second transducer elements generate bending moments in opposite directions.
4. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the first transducer element generates a bending moment in a same direction as the second piezoelectric element.
5. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the at least one top electrode of the first transducer element is electrically coupled to the bottom electrode of the second transducer element and wherein the bottom electrode of the first transducer element is electrically coupled to the at least one top electrode of the second transducer element.
6. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer includes one or more piezoelectric sublayer.
7. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first and second membranes are actuated at different modes of resonance.
8. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein an electrical signal applied to a first piezoelectric element has a phase delay relative to an electrical signal applied to a second piezoelectric element.
9. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first membrane operates in a transmission mode to generate a pressure wave and the second membrane operates only in a receive mode to detect a pressure wave.
10. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes at least one cavity that is disposed below the at least one membrane and wherein the cavity is in vacuum or filled with a gas.
11. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the second substrate includes a light source and the at least one membrane includes an aperture that is arranged to pass a portion of light emitted by the light source.
12. The transceiver element of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer includes at least one of PZT, KNN, PZT-N, PMN-Pt, AlN, Sc—AlN, ZnO, PVDF, and LiNiO3.
13. The transceiver element of claim 1 , further comprising one or more grooves formed in the substrate and disposed between membranes.
14. A transceiver element, comprising:
a substrate;
at least one membrane suspending from the substrate;
a second substrate, wherein the second substrate includes a light source and the at least one membrane includes an aperture that is arranged to pass a portion of light emitted by the light source; and
a plurality of transducer elements mounted on the at least one membrane, each of the plurality of transducer elements having a bottom electrode, a piezoelectric layer on the bottom electrode, and at least one top electrode on the piezoelectric layer, each of the plurality of transducer elements generating a bending moment in response to applying an electrical potential across the bottom electrode and the at least one top electrode and developing an electrical charge in response to applying a bending moment thereto,
wherein the piezoelectric layer of a first transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements is polarized in a direction opposite to the piezoelectric layer of a second transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements.
15. The transceiver element of claim 14 , wherein the at least one membrane includes at least one of a groove and a bump to thereby have a variable thickness.
16. The transceiver element of claim 14 , wherein the first and second transducer elements generate bending moments in opposite directions.
17. The transceiver element of claim 14 , wherein the first transducer element generates a bending moment in a same direction as the second piezoelectric element.
18. The transceiver element of claim 14 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first and second membranes are actuated at different modes of resonance.
19. The transceiver element of claim 14 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first membrane operates in a transmission mode to generate a pressure wave and the second membrane operates only in a receive mode to detect a pressure wave.
20. A transceiver element, comprising:
a substrate;
at least one membrane suspending from the substrate, wherein the at least one membrane includes at least one of a groove and a bump to thereby have a variable thickness; and
a plurality of transducer elements mounted on the at least one membrane, each of the plurality of transducer elements having a bottom electrode, a piezoelectric layer on the bottom electrode, and at least one top electrode on the piezoelectric layer, each of the plurality of transducer elements generating a bending moment in response to applying an electrical potential across the bottom electrode and the at least one top electrode and developing an electrical charge in response to applying a bending moment thereto,
wherein the variable thickness of the at least one membrane creates stress shaping regions to deflect the membrane in a predetermined manner when a bending moment is applied thereto, and
wherein the piezoelectric layer of a first transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements is polarized in a direction opposite to the piezoelectric layer of a second transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements.
21. The transceiver element of claim 20 , wherein the first and second transducer elements generate bending moments in opposite directions.
22. The transceiver element of claim 20 , wherein the first transducer element generates a bending moment in a same direction as the second piezoelectric element.
23. The transceiver element of claim 20 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first and second membranes are actuated at different modes of resonance.
24. The transceiver element of claim 20 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first membrane operates in a transmission mode to generate a pressure wave and the second membrane operates only in a receive mode to detect a pressure wave.
25. A transceiver element, comprising:
a substrate;
at least one membrane suspending from the substrate, wherein the at least one membrane comprises a plurality of membranes;
one or more grooves formed in the substrate and disposed between adjacent membranes; and
a plurality of transducer elements mounted on the at least one membrane, each of the plurality of transducer elements having a bottom electrode, a piezoelectric layer on the bottom electrode, and at least one top electrode on the piezoelectric layer, each of the plurality of transducer elements generating a bending moment in response to applying an electrical potential across the bottom electrode and the at least one top electrode and developing an electrical charge in response to applying a bending moment thereto,
wherein the one or more grooves attenuate acoustic cross-talk between the plurality of transducer elements, and
wherein the piezoelectric layer of a first transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements is polarized in a direction opposite to the piezoelectric layer of a second transducer element of the plurality of transducer elements.
26. The transceiver element of claim 25 , wherein the first and second transducer elements generate bending moments in opposite directions.
27. The transceiver element of claim 25 , wherein the first transducer element generates a bending moment in a same direction as the second piezoelectric element.
28. The transceiver element of claim 25 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first and second membranes are actuated at different modes of resonance.
29. The transceiver element of claim 25 , wherein the at least one membrane includes first and second membranes and the first membrane operates in a transmission mode to generate a pressure wave and the second membrane operates only in a receive mode to detect a pressure wave.