Process for the conversion of free fatty acids to glycerol esters and production of novel catalyst systems
Animal and seed based triglycerides are oils used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, energy generation, etc. These triglycerides or glycerol esters are a mixture of triglycerides and free fatty esters (FFA) along with unsaponifiables and gums (MIU). FFA may range from very low, 1% or less, to more than 40% in some rendered animal oils. Corn oil from the wet or dry process of ethanol production may have from 7 to 15% FFA. The varying amount of FFA presents numerous process issues for downstream users of these oils especially in the production of biodiesel, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). FFA about 1 or 2% requires esterification as well as transesterification for the production of FAME. What is needed is a method to perform Glycerolysis. This disclosure describes an improved catalyst system as well as process equipment and operating conditions to allow economical commercialization of Glycerolysis.
1. A method for reducing the free fatty acid (FFA) of a feedstock oil containing approximately 2% to 100% FFA, the method comprising
providing a heterogeneous calcined catalyst comprising approximately 90% colloidal silica, approximately 18% zinc oxide powder and approximately 2.3% copper oxide;
placing the catalyst in a fixed bead multiple reactor;
in a heating vessel, combining a mixture of the feedstock oil and crude glycerin wherein the glycerin is approximately 1.2% times the amount of the weight of FFA in the feedstock oil;
heating the combined mixture to approximately at least 385 F for driving off moisture, said moisture to become less than about 0.25% of the resultant mixture;
pumping the resultant mixture across the catalyst bed in the fixed bead multiple reactor thereby producing an FFA reduced oil; and
removing excess glycerin from the FFA reduced oil.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the calcined catalyst is produced by a method comprising:
by weight of total, combining approximately 90.0% of a colloidal silica, approximately 6.8% zinc oxide powder and approximately 2.3% copper oxide powder and mixing to form a slurry;
placing the slurry in an oven and heating at a temperature of approximately 200 C until an essentially liquid free product is formed;
removing the essentially liquid free product from the oven, sizing said product to approximately 5 to 35 mesh; and
placing said product in an oven and calcining at approximately 400 C.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the excess glycerin is removed from the FFA reduced oil in a centrifuge.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the resultant mixture is pumped across the catalyst bed a second time as required for contact time for producing the FFA reduced oil.
5. A method for reducing the free fatty acid (FFA) of any FFA containing oil including an animal derived oil, seed derived oil, paper processing derived oil, tall oil or any other FFA containing oil to less than approximately 1% FFA from an oil that may contain from about 2% to 100% FFA, the method comprising the steps of:
producing an engineered heterogeneous catalyst by the following steps; a) by weight of total, combining approximately 90.0% of a colloidal silica, approximately 6.8% zinc oxide powder and approximately 2.3% copper oxide powder and mixing to form a slurry; b) placing in oven and heating at a temperature of approximately 200 C until a liquid free product is formed; c) removing from oven, sizing product to approximately 5 to 35 mesh as required; d) placing product in oven and calcining at approximately 400 C;
placing the catalyst in a fixed bead multiple reactor;
in a heating vessel, combining a mixture of the feedstock oil and crude glycerin wherein the glycerin is approximately 1.2% times the amount of the weight of FFA in the feedstock oil;
heating the combined mixture to approximately at least 385 F for driving off moisture, said moisture to become less than about 0.25% of the resultant mixture;
pumping the resultant mixture across the catalyst bed in the fixed bead multiple reactor thereby producing an FFA reduced oil; and
processing the FFA reduced oil through a centrifuge or other device to remove excess glycerin.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the resultant mixture is pumped across the catalyst bed additional times as required for contact time for producing the FFA reduced oil.
7. A method for reducing the free fatty acid (FFA) of a feedstock oil containing approximately 2% to 100% FFA, the method comprising
providing a heterogeneous calcined catalyst comprising approximately 1% to 95% colloidal silica, approximately 1% to 25% zinc oxide powder and approximately 0% to 5% copper oxide;
placing the catalyst in a fixed bead multiple reactor;
in a heating vessel, combining a mixture of the feedstock oil and crude glycerin wherein the glycerin is approximately 1.2% times the amount of the weight of FFA in the feedstock oil and wherein the FFA is approximately 0.1% to 75% by weight;
heating the combined mixture to approximately at least 385 F for driving off moisture, said moisture to become less than about 0.25% of the resultant mixture;
pumping the resultant mixture across the catalyst bed in the fixed bead multiple reactor thereby producing an FFA reduced oil; and
removing excess glycerin from the FFA reduced oil.