Nonlinear acoustic resonance spectroscopy (NARS) for determining physical conditions of batteries
Systems and methods of determining physical conditions of a battery, such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), quality of construction, defect, or failure state include driving two or more acoustic signals of two or more amplitudes, each acoustic signal having two or more frequencies, into the battery and detecting vibrations generated in the battery based on the two or more acoustic signals. Nonlinear response characteristics of the battery for the two or more acoustic signals are determined from the detected vibrations. The physical conditions of the battery are determined based at least in part on the nonlinear response characteristics, using nonlinear acoustic resonance spectroscopy (NARS) or nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS).
1. A method of determining one or more physical conditions of a battery, the method comprising:
driving two or more acoustic signals of two or more amplitudes, each acoustic signal having two or more frequencies, into the battery, wherein the two or more acoustic signals comprise corresponding two or more chirp signals, the two or more frequencies being the same and in the same frequency range for all of the two or more chirp signals;
detecting vibrations generated in the battery based on the two or more acoustic signals;
determining nonlinear response characteristics of the battery for the two or more acoustic signals, from the detected vibrations, wherein the nonlinear response characteristics of the battery for the two or more acoustic signals comprise two or more resonance frequencies corresponding to the two or more amplitudes of the two or more acoustic signals;
determining a slope or curve between the two or more resonance frequencies;
comparing the nonlinear response characteristics of the battery to a reference nonlinear response characteristics, based on comparing the slope or curve to a reference slope or curve; and
determining one or more physical conditions of the battery based at least in part on comparing the nonlinear response characteristics.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more physical conditions comprise one or more of a state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), quality of construction, defect, or failure state.
3. The method of claim 1 comprising a nonlinear acoustic resonance spectroscopy (NARS) or nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) of the battery.
4. The method of claim 1 comprising generating the two or more acoustic signals based on two or more driving voltages, wherein the two or more amplitudes of the two or more acoustic signals cause two or more strain values applied to the battery.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the two or more chirp signals is one of: an up-chirp two or more frequencies comprising monotonically increasing frequencies; or a down-chirp with two or more frequencies comprising monotonically decreasing frequencies.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the two or more chirp signals is one of: a linear chirp with two or more frequencies comprising linearly varying frequencies; or a nonlinear chirp with two or more frequencies comprising a nonlinear function of frequencies, the nonlinear function comprising an exponential, logarithmic function.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising varying a state of charge of the battery between a fully charged state and a fully discharged state.
8. The method of claim 1 , comprising driving the acoustic signal by a driving transducer coupled to the battery and detecting the vibrations in a receiving transducer or accelerometer coupled to the battery.
9. The method of claim 8 , comprising placing the driving transducer and the receiving transducer with respect to the battery based on desired excitation modes, wherein the placing includes disposing the driving transducer and the receiving transducer on opposite sides or edges of the battery.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the placing includes disposing the driving transducer and the receiving transducer on the same side of the battery.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference nonlinear response characteristics comprise nonlinear response characteristics of a reference battery based on vibrations caused by driving the two or more acoustic signals into the reference battery.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the battery and the reference battery are different batteries.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein a state of charge (SOC) or voltage of the battery is different from a corresponding SOC or voltage of the reference battery.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein a state of charge (SOC) or voltage of the battery is equal to a corresponding SOC or voltage of the reference battery.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the battery and the reference battery are the same battery, and wherein the battery and the reference battery have different states of health (SOHs).
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein a state of charge (SOC) or voltage of the battery is different from a corresponding SOC or voltage of the reference battery.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein a state of charge (SOC) or voltage of the battery is equal to a corresponding SOC or voltage of the reference battery.
18. An apparatus comprising:
means for driving two or more acoustic signals of two or more amplitudes, each acoustic signal having two or more frequencies, into a battery, wherein the two or more acoustic signals comprise corresponding two or more chirp signals, the two or more frequencies being the same and in the same range for all of the two or more chirp signals;
means for detecting vibrations generated in the battery based on the two or more acoustic signals;
means for determining nonlinear response characteristics of the battery for the two or more acoustic signals, from the detected vibrations, wherein the nonlinear response characteristics of the battery for the two or more acoustic signals comprise two or more resonance frequencies corresponding to the two or more amplitudes of the two or more acoustic signals;
determining a slope or curve between the two or more resonance frequencies;
means for comparing the nonlinear response characteristics of the battery to a reference nonlinear response characteristics, based on comparing the slope or curve to a reference slope or curve; and
means for determining one or more physical conditions of the battery based at least in part on comparing the nonlinear response characteristics.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the one or more physical conditions comprise one or more of a state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), quality of construction, defect, or failure state.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 , comprising means for generating the two or more acoustic signals based on two or more driving voltages, wherein the two or more amplitudes of the two or more acoustic signals cause two or more strain values applied to the battery.
21. The apparatus of claim 18 , further comprising means for varying a state of charge of the battery between a fully charged state and a fully discharged state.
22. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the means for driving the two or more acoustic signals and the means for detecting the vibrations are disposed on opposite sides or edges of the battery or on the same side of the battery.