Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of furfurals
Electrochemical cells and photoelectrochemical cells for the reduction of furfurals are provided. Also provided are methods of using the cells to carry out the reduction reactions. Using the cells and methods, furfurals can be converted into furan alcohols or linear ketones.
1. A method for the conversion of furfurals using an electrochemical cell comprising: an anode in an anode electrolyte solution; and a cathode comprising zinc in an acidic cathode electrolyte solution comprising a furfural, the method comprising: creating a potential difference between the anode and the cathode to provide a flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode, wherein the electrons at the cathode undergo reduction reactions at the cathode with chemical species consisting of the furfural and, optionally, water, and further wherein the reduction reactions between the electrons and the furfural form a linear ketone.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the furfural is furan-2-carbaldehyde and the linear ketone is 4-oxopentanal.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising reducing the 4-oxopentanal to form 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the linear ketone is formed with a yield of at least 70%.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the linear ketone is formed with a yield of at least 80%.
6. A method for the conversion of furfurals using an electrochemical cell comprising: an anode in an anode electrolyte solution; and a cathode comprising zinc in an acidic cathode electrolyte solution comprising a furfural having a substituted furan ring, the method comprising: creating a potential difference between the anode and the cathode to provide a flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode, wherein the electrons at the cathode undergo reduction reactions with the furfural to form 2,5-hexanedione.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising dehydrating the 2,5-hexanedione to form 2,5-dimethylfuran.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the furfural is 5-hydroxymethylfurfural or 5-methylfurfural.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the furfural is 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising dehydrating the 2,5-hexanedione to form 2,5-dimethylfuran.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the furfural is the 5-methylfurfural.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising dehydrating the 2,5-hexanedione to form 2,5-dimethylfuran.
13. The method of claim 6 , wherein the 2,5-hexanedione is formed with a yield of at least 70%.
14. The method of claim 6 , wherein the 2,5-hexanedione is formed with a yield of at least 80%.