Composite electrode materials for fluoride-ion electrochemical cells
The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. When the electrochemically active structures are used in secondary batteries, the presence of voids can accommodate dimensional changes of the active material.
1. An electrochemically active structure comprising:
a core having an exterior surface, wherein the core comprises an active material comprising one or more metal-containing nanoparticles; and
a shell at least partially surrounding the exterior surface of the core,
wherein the shell consists of a metal fluoride, and
wherein the shell forms an exterior surface of the electrochemically active structure.
2. The electrochemically active structure of claim 1 , wherein the metal of the one or more metal-containing nanoparticles comprises an alkaline earth metal.
3. The electrochemically active structure of claim 1 , wherein the metal of the one or more metal-containing nanoparticles comprises a transition metal.
4. The electrochemically active structure of claim 1 , wherein the shell is directly attached to the exterior surface of the core.
5. The electrochemically active structure of claim 1 , wherein the active material comprises multiple particles, and the shell surrounds the multiple particles.
6. The electrochemically active structure of claim 1 ,
wherein the metal of the one or more metal-containing nanoparticles is selected from cobalt, bismuth, copper, lead, calcium, magnesium, lanthanum, and combinations thereof; and
wherein the one or more metal-containing nanoparticles optionally comprise a fluoride of the metal.
7. The electrochemically active structure of claim 1 , further comprising a polymer encapsulant between the shell and the active material.
8. The electrochemically active structure of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metal-containing nanoparticles comprises at least one of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and lead.
9. The electrochemically active structure of claim 8 , wherein the one or more metal-containing nanoparticles comprises at least one of cobalt and copper.
10. An electrode comprising the electrochemically active structure of claim 1 , wherein:
the metal of the one or more metal-containing nanoparticles comprises a first metal; and
wherein the metal of the metal fluoride is a second metal.
11. The electrode of claim 10 , wherein the first metal and the second metal are different metals.
12. The electrode of claim 10 , wherein the first metal comprises Cu and the metal fluoride comprises LaF 3 .
13. A battery comprising the electrode of claim 10 .
14. A battery comprising the electrode of claim 12 .
15. A battery, comprising:
an electrode, comprising the electrochemically active structure of claim 1 .