Double knockout (GT/CMAH-KO) pigs, organs and tissues

1. A method of increasing the duration of the period between when a human subject is identified as a subject in need of human liver transplant and when said human liver transplant occurs, said method comprising providing a liver from a knockout pig comprising disrupted α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase and CMAH genes, wherein expression of functional α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase and CMAH in the knockout pig is decreased as compared to a wild-type pig, and surgically attaching said liver from said knockout pig to said human subject in a therapeutically effective manner.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said liver from said knockout pig is internal to said human subject.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said liver from said knockout pig is external to said human subject.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disruption of said α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase gene is selected from the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:18 comprising a 3 base pair deletion adjacent to a G to A substitution, and the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:24 comprising a single base pair deletion, a single base pair insertion, a six base pair deletion, a two base pair insertion, a ten base pair deletion, a seven base pair deletion, and an eight base pair substitution for a five base pair sequence; wherein the disruption of said CMAH gene is selected from the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:16 comprising a four base pair insertion, and the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:25 comprising a two base pair deletion, a single base pair insertion, an eight base pair deletion, a five base pair deletion, a three base pair deletion, a two base pair substitution for a single base pair, and a twenty base pair deletion.

5. A method of improving a hyperacute rejection related symptom in a patient comprising transplanting porcine organs, tissue or cells having reduced expression of αGal and CMAH into a human, wherein said hyperacute rejection related symptom is improved as compared to when tissue from a wild-type swine is transplanted into a human.

6. A method of producing a glycoprotein of interest, said method comprising the step of incubating an isolated cell capable of expressing said glycoprotein of interest with a cell culture reagent derived from a knockout pig comprising disrupted α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase and CMAH genes, wherein the amount of Neu5Gc or alphaGal epitopes on said glycoprotein of interest is lower than the amount of Neu5Gc or alphaGal epitopes on said glycoprotein of interest when said isolated cell capable of expressing said glycoprotein of interest is incubated with a cell culture reagent derived from a wild-type pig.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein said glycoprotein of interest is a glycoprotein selected from the group comprising an antibody, growth factor, cytokine, hormone and clotting factor.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the disruption of said α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase gene is selected from the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:18 comprising a 3 base pair deletion adjacent to a G to A substitution, and the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:24 comprising a single base pair deletion, a single base pair insertion, a six base pair deletion, a two base pair insertion, a ten base pair deletion, a seven base pair deletion, and an eight base pair substitution for a five base pair sequence; wherein the disruption of said CMAH gene is selected from the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:16 comprising a four base pair insertion, and the group of disruptions to the sequence described in SEQ ID NO:25 comprising a two base pair deletion, a single base pair insertion, an eight base pair deletion, a five base pair deletion, a three base pair deletion, a two base pair substitution for a single base pair, and a twenty base pair deletion; and wherein expression of functional α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase and CMAH in said knockout pig is decreased as compared to a wild-type pig and wherein a liver from said pig exhibits reduced uptake of human platelets when said liver is exposed to said human platelets.