Polyhydroxyalkanoic acid compositions and methods for generating same
Embodiments of the invention relate to the microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), from substrates which cannot be used as a source of carbon and/or energy for microbial growth or PHA synthesis and which have microbial and environmental toxicity. According to one embodiment of the invention, a process for the production of PHA is provided wherein an enzyme such as methane monooxygenase is used to convert volatile organic compounds into PHA through the use of microorganisms that are unable to use volatile organic compounds as a source of carbon for growth or PHA production.
1. A polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) composition comprising
(a) polyhydroxyalkanoate,
(b) first PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of growth on a gaseous carbon substrate and
(c) second PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of oxidizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), wherein said second PHA-synthesizing microorganisms are capable of using the oxidized form of the VOCs as a source of carbon for PHA production, and wherein said first PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of growth on the gaseous carbon substrate and said second PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of using the oxidized form of the VOCs as a source of carbon for PHA production are different microorganisms.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises a carbon backbone wherein at least one of said carbons in said backbone is derived from carbon dioxide.
3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein said polyhydroxyalkanoate is selected from the group consisting of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxybutyrate-covalerate (PHBV), and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHHx).
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said PHA-synthesizing microorganisms are selected from the group consisting of naturally-occurring and genetically-engineered microorganisms, wherein the microorganisms are bacteria or fungi.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said VOCs are selected from the group consisting of highly evaporative, carbon-based chemical substances; chemical compounds that are gases at room temperature and contain carbon; and/or compounds comprising carbon which participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions.
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein said VOCs are selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and oxygenates.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said VOCs are selected from the group consisting of: methylene chloride (dichloromethane); ethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform); 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113); trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11); dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12); chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22); trifluoromethane (HFC-23); 1,2-dichloro 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114); chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115); 1,1,1-trifluoro 2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a); 1,1-dichloro 1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b); 1-chloro 1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b); 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro ethane (HCFC-124); pentafluoroethane (HFC-125); 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134); 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a); 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a); parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF); cyclic, branched, or linear completely methylated siloxanes; acetone; perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene); propane; 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-225ca); 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-225cb); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane (HFC 43-10mee); difluoromethane (HFC-32); ethylfluoride (HFC-161); 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa); 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245c a); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb); 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa); 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea); 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc); chlorofluoromethane (HCFC-31); 1 chloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-151a); 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a); butane; 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxy-butane (C 4 F 9 OCH 3 ); 2-(difluoromethoxymethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane ((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 OCH 3 ); 1-ethoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane (C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 ); 2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane ((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 OC 2 H 5 ); methyl acetate and perfluorocarbon compounds which fall into these classes: (i) cyclic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated alkanes; (ii) cyclic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated ethers with no unsaturations; (iii) cyclic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated tertiary amines with no unsaturations; and (iv) sulfur containing perfluorocarbons with no unsaturations and with sulfur bonds only to carbon and fluorine.
8. A microbial culture comprising
(a) polyhydroxyalkanoate,
(b) first PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of growth on a gaseous carbon substrate and
(c) second PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of oxidizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), wherein said second PHA-synthesizing microorganisms are capable of using the oxidized form of the VOCs as a source of carbon for PHA production, and wherein said first PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of growth on the gaseous carbon substrate and said second PHA-synthesizing microorganisms capable of using the oxidized form of the VOCs as a source of carbon for PHA production are different microorganisms.
9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein said polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises a carbon backbone wherein at least one of said carbons in said backbone is derived from a non-methane organic compound that is oxidized by methane monooxygenase.
10. The composition of claim 9 , wherein said polyhydroxyalkanoate is selected from the group consisting of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxybutyrate-covalerate (PHBV), and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHHx).
11. The composition of claim 8 , wherein said PHA-producing microorganisms are selected from the group consisting of naturally-occurring and genetically-engineered microorganisms, wherein the microorganisms are bacteria or fungi.
12. The composition of claim 9 , wherein said non-methane organic compound is a volatile organic compound.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein said VOCs are selected from the group consisting of highly evaporative, carbon-based chemical substances; chemical compounds that are gases at room temperature and contain carbon; and/or compounds comprising carbon which participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions.
14. The composition of claim 12 , wherein said VOCs are selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and oxygenates.
15. The composition of claim 12 , wherein said VOCs are selected from the group consisting of: methylene chloride (dichloromethane); ethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform); 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113); trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11); dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12); chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22); trifluoromethane (HFC-23); 1,2-dichloro 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114); chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115); 1,1,1-trifluoro 2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a); 1,1-dichloro 1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b); 1-chloro 1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b); 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro ethane (HCFC-124); pentafluoroethane (HFC-125); 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134); 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a); 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a); parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF); cyclic, branched, or linear completely methylated siloxanes; acetone; perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene); propane; 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-225ca); 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-225cb); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane (HFC 43-10mee); difluoromethane (HFC-32); ethylfluoride (HFC-161); 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa); 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ca); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb); 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa); 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea); 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc); chlorofluoromethane (HCFC-31); 1 chloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-151a); 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a); butane; 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxy-butane (C 4 F 9 OCH 3 ); 2-(difluoromethoxymethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane ((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 OCH 3 ); 1-ethoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane (C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 ); 2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane ((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 OC 2 H 5 ); methyl acetate and perfluorocarbon compounds which fall into these classes: (i) cyclic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated alkanes; (ii) cyclic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated ethers with no unsaturations; (iii) cyclic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated tertiary amines with no unsaturations; and (iv) sulfur containing perfluorocarbons with no unsaturations and with sulfur bonds only to carbon and fluorine.