Skew mirrors, methods of use, and methods of manufacture

1. Apparatus comprising:

a grating medium;

a grating structure residing in the grating medium, wherein:

the grating structure is configured to reflect first incident light, the first incident light being incident upon the grating medium at a specific site and having a first wavelength and a first internal angle of incidence relative to a grating medium surface normal;

the first incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as first reflected light, the first reflected light having the first wavelength and a first internal angle of reflection relative to the surface normal;

the first incident light and the first reflected light are bisected by a first reflective axis having a first reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

the grating structure is further configured to reflect second incident light, the second incident light being incident on the grating medium at the specific site and having a second wavelength and a second internal angle of incidence relative to the surface normal;

the second incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as second reflected light, the second reflected light having the second wavelength and a second internal angle of reflection relative to the surface normal;

the second incident light and the second reflected light are bisected by a second reflective axis having a second reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

the first internal angle of incidence is the same as the second internal angle of incidence;

the first reflective axis is non-zero relative to the surface normal;

the first wavelength differs from the second wavelength; and

the first reflective axis angle differs from the second reflective axis angle.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first reflective axis angle differs from the second reflective axis angle by 0.25 degrees or less.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the first incident light is offset from the first reflective axis by at least 1.0 degree.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first wavelength differs from the second wavelength by a wave fraction of at least 0.005.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:

the grating structure comprises a plurality of volume holograms;

each of the volume holograms in the plurality of volume holograms spatially overlaps at least one other volume holograms in the plurality of volume holograms; and

the grating medium is at least 70 μm thick.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein:

the plurality of volume holograms includes at least four holograms; and

each of the volume holograms in the plurality of volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps all others of the plurality of volume holograms.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein adjacent |ΔK G | for the at least four holograms has a mean value that resides between 5.0×10 3 and 1.0×10 7 radians per meter (rad/m).

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:

the grating structure comprises at least 9 volume holograms;

each of the at least 9 volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps at least one other of the at least 9 volume holograms; and

the grating medium is at least 200 μm thick.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first reflective axis differs from the surface normal by at least 4.0 degrees.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the first reflective axis differs from the surface normal by at least 9.0 degrees.

11. A method of making the apparatus of claim 1 , the method comprising:

creating the grating structure by recording multiple volume holograms in the grating medium, wherein:

each of the multiple volume holograms is recorded using a first recording beam and a second recording beam, each of the first and second recording beams including a collimated, plane wave beam, and the first recording beam having the same wavelength as the second recording beam;

each of the multiple volume holograms is recorded with the first recording beam being incident upon the grating medium at a unique first recording beam internal angle relative to the surface normal and the second recording beam being incident upon the grating medium at a unique second recording beam internal angle relative to the surface normal;

each of the multiple volume holograms is recorded with the first recording beam and the second recording beam being symmetrical about a skew axis;

each of the multiple volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps at least one other of the multiple holograms;

the skew axes of the multiple volume holograms have substantially constant skew angles relative to the surface normal; and

the skew axes of the multiple volume holograms have a mean skew angle that is substantially identical to both the first reflective axis angle and the second reflective axis angle.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein each of the multiple volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps all others of the multiple volume holograms.

13. A method of making an apparatus, the method comprising:

creating a grating structure in a grating medium by recording multiple volume holograms in the grating medium, wherein:

each of the multiple volume holograms is recorded using a first recording beam and a second recording beam, each of the first and second recording beams including a collimated, plane wave beam, and the first recording beam having a same wavelength as the second recording beam;

each of the multiple volume holograms is recorded with the first recording beam being incident upon the grating medium at a unique first recording beam internal angle relative to a surface normal of the grating medium and the second recording beam being incident upon the grating medium at a unique second recording beam internal angle relative to the surface normal;

each of the multiple volume holograms is recorded with the first recording beam and the second recording beam being symmetrical about a skew axis, the skew axis having a skew axis angle relative to the surface normal;

each of the multiple volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps at least one other of the multiple holograms; and

the skew axes of the multiple volume holograms are substantially constant and have a non-zero mean skew axis angle relative to the surface normal.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein each of the multiple volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps all others of the multiple volume holograms.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein:

the multiple volume holograms includes at least 9 holograms; and

all of the unique first recording beam internal angles collectively span a range of at least 6.4 degrees.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein:

adjacent |ΔK G | for the at least 9 holograms has a mean value that resides between 5.0×10 3 and 1.0×10 7 rad/m.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein:

adjacent |ΔK G | for the at least 9 holograms has a mean value that resides between 1.0×10 4 and 1.0×10 6 rad/m.

18. The method of claim 13 , wherein:

the grating structure is configured to reflect first incident light, the first incident light being incident upon the grating medium at a specific site and having a first wavelength and a first internal angle of incidence relative to grating medium surface normal;

the first incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as first reflected light, the first reflected light having the first wavelength and a first internal angle of reflection relative to the surface normal;

the first incident light and the first reflected light are bisected by a first reflective axis having a first reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

the grating structure is further configured to reflect second incident light, the second incident light being incident on the grating medium at the specific site and having a second wavelength and a second internal angle of incidence relative to the surface normal;

the second incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as second reflected light, the second reflected light having the second wavelength and a second internal angle of reflection relative to the surface normal;

the second incident light and the second reflected light are bisected by a second reflective axis having a second reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

the first internal angle of incidence is the same as the second internal angle of incidence;

both the first reflective axis angle and the second reflective axis angle are substantially identical to the skew axis angle; and

the first wavelength differs from the second wavelength.

19. Apparatus comprising:

a grating medium;

a grating structure residing in the grating medium, wherein:

the grating structure is configured to reflect first incident light, the first incident light being incident upon the grating medium at a specific site and having a first internal angle of incidence relative to a grating medium surface normal;

the first incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as first reflected light, the first reflected light having a first internal angle of reflection relative to the surface normal;

the first incident light and the first reflected light are bisected by a first reflective axis having a first reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

the grating structure is further configured to reflect second incident light, the second incident light being incident on the grating medium at the specific site and having a second internal angle of incidence relative to the surface normal;

the second incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as second reflected light, the second reflected light having a second internal angle of reflection relative to the surface normal;

the second incident light and the second reflected light are bisected by a second reflective axis having a second reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

the first incident light, the first reflected light, the second incident light, and the second reflected light have the same wavelength as each other;

the first internal angle of incidence differs from the second internal angle of incidence;

the first reflective axis differs from the surface normal by a non-zero angle; and

the first reflective axis angle differs from the second reflective axis angle.

20. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein:

the first reflective axis differs from surface normal by at least 1.0 degree.

21. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein:

the first reflective axis angle differs from the second reflective axis angle by 0.25 degrees or less.

22. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein:

each of the first incident light and the second incident light are offset from the first reflective axis by an internal angle of at least 1.0 degree.

23. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein:

the first internal angle of incidence differs from the second internal angle of incidence by at least 6.6 degrees.

24. Apparatus comprising:

a grating medium;

a grating structure residing in the grating medium, wherein:

the grating structure includes a first hologram set, a second hologram set, and a third hologram set, each of which comprises a plurality of volume holograms;

the first hologram set is configured to reflect blue incident light about a substantially constant first reflective axis having a first mean reflective axis angle relative to a surface normal of the grating medium;

the second hologram set is configured to reflect green incident light about a second reflective axis having a mean second reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

the third hologram set is configured to reflect red incident light about a third reflective axis having a third mean reflective axis angle relative to the surface normal;

each of the first, second, and third mean reflective axes angles is non-zero;

each of the first, second, and third hologram sets includes at least four volume holograms; and

within each of the first, second, and third hologram sets, each of the plurality of volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps at least one other volume hologram of the plurality of volume holograms in that hologram set.

25. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the grating medium is at least 200 μm thick.

26. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the grating medium is at least 70 μm thick.

27. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein:

each of the blue, green, and red incident light is incident upon the grating medium at multiple internal angles of incidence that span a range of at least 4.0 degrees.

28. The apparatus of claim 27 , wherein;

within each of the first, second, and third hologram sets, each of the volume holograms in the plurality of volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps all other volume holograms in the plurality of volume holograms in that hologram set.

29. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein:

the first mean reflective axis angle is within 2.0 degrees of the second and third mean reflective axis angles and the third mean reflective axis angle is within 2.0 degrees of the second mean reflective axis angle.

30. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein adjacent |ΔK G | for each of the first, second, and third hologram sets has a mean value that resides between 5.0×10 3 and 1.0×10 7 rad/m.

31. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein each of the first, second, and third hologram sets includes at least five volume holograms.

32. A method of using an apparatus comprising:

projecting light at the apparatus, wherein:

the apparatus comprises a grating medium within which resides a grating structure;

the grating medium is at least 70 μm thick;

the light includes first incident light, the first incident light being incident upon the grating medium at a specific site and having a first wavelength and a first internal angle of incidence relative to a grating medium surface normal;

the first incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as first reflected light, the first reflected light having the first wavelength and a first internal angle of reflection relative to the grating medium surface normal;

the first incident light and the first reflected light are bisected by a first reflective axis having a first reflective axis angle relative to the grating medium surface normal;

the light further includes second incident light, the second incident light being incident on the grating medium at the specific site and having a second wavelength and a second internal angle of incidence relative to the grating medium surface normal;

the second incident light is principally reflected by the grating medium as second reflected light, the second reflected light having the second wavelength and a second internal angle of reflection relative to the grating medium surface normal;

the second incident light and the second reflected light are bisected by a second reflective axis having a second reflective axis angle relative to the grating medium surface normal;

the first internal angle of incidence is the same as the second internal angle of incidence;

the first reflective axis differs from the grating medium surface normal by a non-zero angle;

the first wavelength differs from the second wavelength; and

the first reflective axis angle differs from the second reflective axis angle.

33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the first reflective axis differs from the surface normal by at least 1.0 degree.

34. The method of claim 33 , wherein the first incident light is offset from the first reflective axis by an internal angle of at least 5.0 degrees.

35. The method of claim 32 , wherein:

the grating medium is at least 200 μm thick;

the grating structure comprises multiple volume holograms; and

each of the multiple volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps at least one other of the multiple volume holograms.

36. The method of claim 35 , wherein:

the multiple volume holograms includes at least 6 holograms; and

each of the multiple volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps all others of the multiple volume holograms.

37. The method of claim 32 , wherein:

the grating structure comprises at least 9 volume holograms;

each of the at least 9 volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps at least one other of the at least 9 volume holograms; and

adjacent |ΔK G | for the at least 9 holograms has a mean value that resides between 1.0×10 4 and 1.0×10 6 radians per meter (rad/m).

38. The method of claim 37 , wherein:

each of the at least 9 volume holograms at least partially spatially overlaps all others of the at least 9 volume holograms.