Solvent-free, solid phase synthesis of hybrid lead halide perovskites with superior purity
A method of synthesizing a mixed-halide perovskite is disclosed herein. The method includes the steps of mixing a first single-halide perovskite and a second single-halide perovskite to form a solid phase mixture and heating the solid phase mixture at a temperature below a first decomposition temperature of the first single-halide perovskite and below a second decomposition temperature of the second single-halide perovskite for a time sufficient to form the mixed-halide perovskite. During the mixing, the first and second single-halide perovskite are both in the solid phase. A mixed-halide perovskite made according to the method is also disclosed herein. The mixed-halide perovskite is free of amorphous and/or semicrystalline phases. The mixed-halide perovskite can be utilized in a photovoltaic cell in a solar panel.
1. A method of synthesizing a mixed-halide perovskite, comprising the steps of:
mixing a first single-halide perovskite and a second single-halide perovskite to form a solid- phase mixture, wherein the first single-halide perovskite and the second single- halide perovskite are both in the solid phase during mixing; and
heating the solid phase mixture at a temperature below a first decomposition temperature of the first single-halide perovskite and below a second decomposition temperature of the second single-halide perovskite for a time sufficient to form the mixed- halide perovskite;
wherein the first-single halide perovskite and the second single-halide perovskite each comprise at least one of lead or tin.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating step comprises forming the mixed-halide perovskite free of any semicrystalline phases.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of annealing the mixed-halide perovskite at a temperature of approximately 200° C. for between 1 hour and 72 hours.
4. A mixed-halide perovskite made according to the method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite is free of amorphous and/or semicrystalline phases.
5. A photovoltaic cell capable of powering an electrical load, the photovoltaic cell comprising:
a transparent cover;
an n-type semiconductor;
a first electrical contact strip, the first electrical contact strip being disposed between the transparent cover and the n-type semiconductor and being in electrical communication with the n-type semiconductor;
a p-type semiconductor;
a junction layer disposed between the n-type semiconductor and the p-type semiconductor; and
a second electrical contact strip, the second contact strip being in electrical communication with the p-type semiconductor,
wherein the junction layer is comprised of a mixed-halide perovskite according to claim 4 .
6. The photovoltaic cell of claim 5 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite has the formula CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3-a X′ a , wherein X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
7. The photovoltaic cell of claim 5 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite has the formula HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbX 3-a X′ a , wherein X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
8. The photovoltaic cell of claim 5 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite has the formula APbX 3-a X′ a , wherein A is an alkali metal, wherein X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
9. The photovoltaic cell of claim 8 , wherein A is Rb or Cs.
10. The photovoltaic cell of claim 5 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite has the formula A 1-b A′ b PbX 3-a X′ a , wherein A is Rb or Cs, A′ is CH 3 NH 3 or HC(NH 2 ) 2 , and X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
11. The photovoltaic cell of claim 10 , wherein A is Rb or Cs and A′ is CH 3 NH 3 or HC(NH 2 ) 2 .
12. A solar panel comprised of one or more photovoltaic cells according to claim 5 .
13. A method of synthesizing a mixed-halide perovskite, comprising the steps of:
mixing a first single-halide perovskite and a second single-halide perovskite to form a solid- phase mixture, wherein the first single-halide perovskite and the second single-halide perovskite are both in the solid phase during mixing; and
heating the solid phase mixture at a temperature below a first decomposition temperature of the first single-halide perovskite and below a second decomposition temperature of the second single-halide perovskite for a time sufficient to form the mixed-halide perovskite;
wherein the heating step comprises forming a mixed-halide perovskite with a formula of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3-a X′ a , wherein X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the heating step comprises heating the solid phase mixture to a temperature of approximately 200° C.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the heating step comprises heating the solid phase mixture for between 0.5 and 1 hour.
16. A mixed-halide perovskite made according to the method of claim 13 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite is free of amorphous and/or semicrystalline phases.
17. A method of synthesizing a mixed-halide perovskite, comprising the steps of:
mixing a first single-halide perovskite and a second single-halide perovskite to form a solid- phase mixture, wherein the first single-halide perovskite and the second single-halide perovskite are both in the solid phase during mixing; and
heating the solid phase mixture at a temperature below a first decomposition temperature of the first single-halide perovskite and below a second decomposition temperature of the second single-halide perovskite for a time sufficient to form the mixed-halide perovskite;
wherein the heating step comprises forming a mixed-halide perovskite with a formula of HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbX 3-a X′ a , wherein X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
18. A mixed-halide perovskite made according to the method of claim 17 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite is free of amorphous and/or semicrystalline phases.
19. A method of synthesizing a mixed-halide perovskite, comprising the steps of:
mixing a first single-halide perovskite and a second single-halide perovskite to form a solid- phase mixture, wherein the first single-halide perovskite and the second single-halide perovskite are both in the solid phase during mixing; and
heating the solid phase mixture at a temperature below a first decomposition temperature of the first single-halide perovskite and below a second decomposition temperature of the second single-halide perovskite for a time sufficient to form the mixed- halide perovskite;
wherein the heating step comprises forming a mixed-halide perovskite with a formula of APbX 3-a X′ a , wherein A is an alkali metal, wherein X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the step of forming a mixed-halide perovskite includes selecting A to be Rb or Cs.
21. A mixed-halide perovskite made according to the method of claim 19 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite is free of amorphous and/or semicrystalline phases.
22. The mixed-halide perovskite of claim 21 , wherein A is Rb or Cs.
23. A method of synthesizing a mixed-halide perovskite, comprising the steps of:
mixing a first single-halide perovskite and a second single-halide perovskite to form a solid- phase mixture, wherein the first single-halide perovskite and the second single-halide perovskite are both in the solid phase during mixing; and
heating the solid phase mixture at a temperature below a first decomposition temperature of the first single-halide perovskite and below a second decomposition temperature of the second single-halide perovskite for a time sufficient to form the mixed-halide perovskite;
wherein the heating step comprises forming a mixed-halide perovskite with a formula of A 1-b A′ b PbX 3-a X′ a , wherein A is an alkali metal and A′ is an organic cation, wherein X and X′ are selected from the group consisting of I, Br, and Cl, and wherein 0>a>3.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the step of forming a mixed-halide perovskite with a formula of A 1-b A′ b PbX 3-a X′ a comprises selecting A to be Rb or Cs and A′ to be CH 3 NH 3 or HC(NH 2 ) 2 .
25. A mixed-halide perovskite made according to the method of claim 23 , wherein the mixed-halide perovskite is free of amorphous and/or semicrystalline phases.
26. The mixed-halide perovskite of claim 25 , wherein A is Rb or Cs and A′ is CH 3 NH 3 or HC(NH 2 ) 2 .