Method for synthesizing graphene from encapsulated particles
A method of synthesizing a graphene-based material comprises exposing graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core, to a cracking and welding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene-based material.
1. A method of synthesizing a graphene-based material, the method comprising exposing graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core, to a cracking and welding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene-based material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cracking and welding gas composition is selected to maximize the yield of the graphene-based material.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the yield is at least 90%.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cracking and welding gas composition comprises one or more of methane, ethane, propane, natural gas.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cracking and welding gas composition further comprises argon.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposure is carried out at a temperature of at least 1000° C. for at least 30 minutes.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein prior to exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to the cracking and welding gas composition, the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles are exposed to argon at an elevated temperature for a period of time.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cracking and welding gas composition comprises one or more of methane, ethane, propane and natural gas, the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets, and the yield of the graphene-based material is at least 90%.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising exposing a carbon-metal based precursor to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the elevated temperature is in the range of from 700° C. to 1000° C.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the carbon of the carbon-metal based precursor is provided by a biomass feedstock.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the biomass feedstock comprises kraft lignin.
14. The method of claim 10 , further comprising forming the carbon-metal based precursor by mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the carbon source comprises kraft lignin and the first solvent is tetrahydrofuran.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the metal salt is a metal nitrate.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the metal is iron and the metal source is present in the carbon-metal mixture at an amount in the range of from 5 to 15% by weight.
18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising exposing the carbon-metal mixture to another inert gas composition at another elevated temperature for another period of time sufficient to at least partially decompose the carbon source, followed by ground-milling.
19. A method of synthesizing a graphene-based material, the method comprising:
mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture;
exposing the carbon-metal mixture to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature and for a period of time sufficient to at least partially decompose the carbon source, followed by ground-milling, thereby forming a carbon-metal precursor;
exposing the carbon-metal based precursor to another inert gas composition at another elevated temperature for another period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core; and
exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to a cracking and welding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene-based material.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the carbon source comprises kraft lignin.