Methods of rational nicotine hapten design and uses thereof
Provided herein are methods for rational design of nicotine haptens. More particularly, provided herein are methods for designing, selecting, and synthesizing nicotine haptens and nicotine hapten conjugates. Also provided herein are novel nicotine haptens and methods for using nicotine haptens to treat nicotine addiction.
1. A method for obtaining a nicotine hapten conjugate capable of eliciting an immune response specific to nicotine, the method comprising:
(a) providing three-dimensional structural information of an immunogenic carrier, wherein the immunogenic carrier comprise one or more immunogenic carrier binding sites (ICBS);
(b) selecting a functional group or small molecule fragment, wherein the selected functional group or small molecule fragment is:
(i) predicted to bind to the one or more ICBS, and
(ii) predicted to bind to free nicotine when bound to the one or more ICBS, and
(iii) predicted to exhibit higher binding energy for free nicotine than for the immunogenic carrier; and
(c) linking the selected functional group or small molecule fragment to nicotine or a nicotine derivative to create a nicotine hapten, and linking the nicotine hapten to the immunogenic carrier to create the nicotine hapten conjugate;
(d) testing the nicotine hapten conjugates to determine an affinity index, and selecting the conjugate that elicits production of anti-nicotine antibodies having affinity index value greater than 0.02 and less than or equal to 1.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selecting of step (b) comprises using a computer having a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing programming to perform a fitting operation to determine one or more binding energy parameters of the functional group or small molecule fragment binding to free nicotine and the ICBS.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising determining the higher binding energy by analyzing results of the fitting operation to characterize the association between (a) the functional group or small molecule fragment and free nicotine, and (b) the functional group or small molecule fragment and the one or more ICBS.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: (e) evaluating the nicotine hapten conjugate for its ability to compete with free nicotine for binding to an anti-nicotine antibody.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein evaluating comprises performing an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immunogenic carrier is a streptavidin.