N-annulated perylene diimide dimers with active pyrrolic N—H bonds
PDI derivatives useful as opto-electronically active materials or for the synthesis of such materials. Certain compounds herein function as efficient electron acceptors and are useful as electron active components of electronic devices.
1. A compound of formula:
and salts thereof
where:
R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are independently selected from straight-chain and branched alkyl groups having 1-30 carbon atoms; and
(1) both R 3 are hydrogen; or
(2) each R 3 is the same group or different groups and both are independently selected from amine protecting groups; or
(3) each R 3 is the same group or different groups and each R 3 is independently selected from halogenated straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, halogenated branched alkyl groups having 3-30 carbon atoms, one or more alkoxyalkyl groups linked through an at least divalent linker to the pyrrole nitrogen, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted arylalkyl, and an optionally substituted heterocyclic group.
2. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein both R 3 are hydrogen.
3. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is an amine protecting group.
4. The compound or salt thereof of claim 3 , wherein R 3 is —CO—PR and PR is an OR′ group where R′ is a straight-chain or branched chain unsubstituted alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted arylakyl group, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted sulfonylaryl group (—SO 2 -Aryl).
5. The compound or salt of claim 4 , wherein R′ is a t-butyl group (BOC), a fluorenylmethyl (FMOC) group, an optionally-substituted benzyl group (CBz), a trifluoromethyl group, a trichloroethyl group (Troc), or a sulfonylaryl group (—SO 2 -Aryl).
6. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is an alkoxyalkyl group linked to the pyrrolic nitrogen by an at least divalent linker.
7. The compound or salt of claim 6 , wherein R 3 is a group selected from:
R G —O—(—(CH 2 ) p —O—) q —R H —Y—, and
R G —O—(—(CHR I ) p —O—) q —R H —Y—
where:
p is an integer 2-4, q is an integer 1-30, R G is a C1-C4 alkyl, R H is a C1-C4 alkylene, R I is independently a hydrogen or a C1-C3 alkyl and Y is —CO—, —O—CO—, or —NH—CO—.
8. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted arylalkyl, and an optionally substituted heterocyclic group.
9. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is a 5- or 6-member saturated heterocyclic group or a heteroaryl group having 1 or 2 heteroatoms in the ring selected from N, O and S.
10. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from a straight-chain alkyl having 3 to 9 carbon atoms or branched-chain alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
11. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are selected from branched alkyl groups of formula —C(Ra)(Rb), where Ra and Rb are, independently, alkyl groups having 2-10 carbon atoms.
12. An electronic device employing an electron acceptor, wherein the electron acceptor is one or more compounds or salts of claim 1 .
13. The device of claim 12 , which is an organic solar cell, an organic thin film transistor or a redox flow battery.
14. A film of a compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein both R 3 are hydrogen.
15. A method for making a film of a selected compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein both R 3 are hydrogen which comprises:
preparing a solution of a corresponding compound or salt of said selected compound or salt, wherein both R 3 are amine protecting groups, in an organic solvent;
preparing a film of the corresponding compound from said solution; and
removing the amine protecting groups from the corresponding compound of said film to form the film of the compound wherein both R 3 are hydrogen.
16. A polyimide polymer prepared by copolymerization of a compound or salt of claim 1 , where both R 3 are hydrogen, with a dibromoaryl or a dibromoalkyl compound.
17. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein both R 3 are hydrogen and wherein each of R 1 and R 2 are pent-3-yl groups.
18. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein
each R 3 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogenated straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, halogenated branched alkyl groups having 3-30 carbon atoms, one or more alkoxyalkyl groups linked through an at least divalent linker to the pyrrole nitrogen, an optionally substituted aryl, and an optionally substituted arylalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclic group.
19. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein
each R 3 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogenated straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, halogenated branched alkyl groups having 3-30 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted arylalkyl, and an optionally substituted heterocyclic group.
20. The compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein the optionally substituted heterocyclic group is an optionally substituted heteroaryl group.
21. The compound or salt of claim 1 , compound or salt of claim 1 , wherein both R 3 are hydrogen and wherein R 1 and R 2 are selected from branched alkyl groups of formula —C(Ra)(Rb), where Ra and Rb are, independently, alkyl groups having 2-10 carbon atoms.