Use of quarry fines and/or limestone powder to reduce clinker content of cementitious compositions
Quarry fines and/or limestone powder are used to reduce clinker content in concrete, mortar and other cementitious compositions, typically in combination with one or more pozzolanically active SCMs. Quarry fines and/or limestone powder can replace and/or augment a portion of hydraulic cement binder and/or fine aggregate. Quarry fines and/or limestone powder can advantageously replace a portion of cement binder and fine aggregate, acting as an intermediate that fills a particle size void between the largest cement particles and smallest fine aggregate particles. Supplemental lime can advantageously maintain or enhance balance of calcium ions in the mix water and/or pore solution. Supplemental sulfate can advantageously address sulfate deficiencies caused by high clinker reduction, use of water reducers and/or superplasticers, and SCMs containing aluminates. Such systematic approach to beneficially using quarry fines, limestone powder, SCMs, lime, and sulfate addresses many issues and permits high clinker reduction with similar or increased strength.
1. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45 μm;
fine ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having a d90 between about 15 μm and about 25 μm;
coarse limestone powder (LP) having a d90 between about 50 μm and about 200 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.
2. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the OPC is a Type II/V or Type V cement as defined by ASTM C-150.
3. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the OPC has a d90 between about 38 μm and about 43 μm.
4. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the fine GGBFS has a d90 between about 17 μm and about 23 μm.
5. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the coarse LP has a d90 between about 60 μm and about 150 μm.
6. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising fly ash.
7. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising a natural pozzolan.
8. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of added calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, or Type S Lime (dolomitic lime).
9. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of added calcium sulfate anhydrite, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, lithium sulfate, or calcium sulfate dihydrate.
10. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer, an amine activator, or a calcium nitrate activator.
11. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 185-245 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 120-235 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 0-120 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 110-200 lb/yd 3 ;
(Water-to-cementitious binder ratio (w/cm): 0.50-0.58;
(Water-to-cement ratio (w/c): 1.0-1.50; and
(Water-to-powder ratio (w/p): 0.38-0.44.
12. The concrete mix of claim 11 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 197.4-225.5 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 183-225.5 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 70-105 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 132.5-183 lb/yd 3
w/cm: 0.52-0.56;
w/c: 1.10-1.38; and
w/p: 0.38-0.44.
13. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 250-335 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 230-315 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 0-140 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 150-225 lb/yd 3 ;
Lime: 0-10 lb/yd 3 ;
CaSO 4 (hemihydrate): 0-10 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.37-0.44;
w/c: 0.70-1.20; and
w/p: 0.29-0.35.
14. The concrete mix of claim 13 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 270-297.5 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 259-297.5 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: or 50-140 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 150-225 lb/yd 3 ;
Lime: 3-9 lb/yd 3 ;
CaSO 4 (hemihydrate): 2-5 lb/yd 3 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.39-0.42;
w/c: 0.83-1.00; and
w/p: 0.30-0.33.
15. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 240-500 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 230-315 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 100-220 lb/yd 3 ;
Lime: 0-10 lb/yd 3 ;
CaSO 4 (hemihydrate): 0-6 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.42-0.52;
w/c: 0.65-1.05; and
w/p: 0.34-0.42.
16. The concrete mix of claim 15 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 250.98-343.5 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 259-297.5 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 109.98-206.1 lb/yd 3 ;
Lime: 4-8 lb/yd 3 ;
CaSO 4 (hemihydrate): 1.5-5 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.44-0.50;
w/c: 0.80-0.97; and
w/p: 0.36-0.41.
17. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 250-335 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 230-315 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 0-140 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 150-225 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.52-0.63;
w/c: 0.90-1.50; and
w/p: 0.43-0.47.
18. The concrete mix of claim 17 , wherein the concrete mix has the following characteristics:
OPC: 198.275.5 lb/yd 3 ;
GGBFS: 156-198.3 lb/yd 3 ;
Fly Ash: 50-140 lb/yd 3 ;
Limestone powder: 125-159.8 lb/yd 3 ;
w/cm: 0.54-0.62;
w/c: 0.99-1.42; and
w/p: 0.43-0.47.
19. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45 μm;
class F fly ash;
coarse limestone powder (LP) having a d90 between about 50 μm and about 200 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate;
0.5% to 4.0% calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, or Type S Lime (dolomitic lime); and
water.
20. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45 μm;
fine ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having a d90 between about 15 μm and about 25 μm;
fly ash or natural pozzolan;
coarse limestone powder (LP) having a d90 between about 50 μm and about 500 μm and a d10 between about 2.5 μm and about 50 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.