Porous thermally insulating compositions containing hollow spherical nanoparticles
A method of thermally insulating a surface, the method comprising applying a coating of a thermally insulating composition onto said surface, wherein said thermally insulating composition comprises: (i) hollow spherical nanoparticles having a mean particle size of less than 800 nm in diameter and a particle size distribution in which at least 90% of the hollow spherical nanoparticles have a size within ±20% of said mean particle size, and a first layer of cationic or anionic molecules attached to said surfaces of the hollow spherical nanoparticles; and (ii) a second layer of molecules of opposite charge to the first layer of molecules, wherein said second layer of molecules of opposite charge are ionically associated with said first layer of molecules, wherein the molecules in said second layer have at least eight carbon atoms.
1. A method of thermally insulating a surface, the method comprising applying a coating of a thermally insulating composition onto said surface, wherein said thermally insulating composition comprises:
(i) hollow spherical nanoparticles having a mean particle size of less than 800 nm in diameter and a particle size distribution in which at least 90% of the hollow spherical nanoparticles have a size within ±20% of said mean particle size, and a first layer of cationic or anionic molecules attached to surfaces of the hollow spherical nanoparticles; and
(ii) a second layer of molecules of opposite charge to the first layer of molecules, wherein said second layer of molecules of opposite charge are ionically associated with said first layer of molecules, wherein the molecules in said second layer have at least eight carbon atoms.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said hollow spherical nanoparticles have an inorganic composition.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said inorganic composition is a metal oxide composition.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said metal oxide composition is a silicon oxide composition.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said hollow spherical nanoparticles have an organic composition.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said hollow spherical nanoparticles have a mean particle size of no more than 500 nm.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said hollow spherical nanoparticles have a mean particle size of no more than 200 nm.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said hollow spherical nanoparticles have a mean particle size of no more than 100 nm.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said surfaces of the hollow spherical nanoparticles contain pores having a size of up to or less than 50 nm.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said pores have a size of up to or less than 20 nm.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein said pores have a size of up to or less than 10 nm.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein said pores have a size of up to or less than 5 nm.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is a liquid at 25° C.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said thermally insulating composition behaves as a room temperature ionic liquid.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is transparent.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is coated onto glass.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein said glass is part of a window.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is coated onto a structural material.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is coated onto a paper or plastic product useful in holding a food or beverage.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is coated onto a fabric.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is coated onto skin.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermally insulating composition is coated onto a metal.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein said metal is shaped as a pipe.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cationic molecules are silane molecules.