Toner, developer, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge
A non-magnetic toner is provided. The non-magnetic toner comprises a polyester resin, a release agent, and a colorant. A storage elastic modulus at 100° C. (G′(100° C.)) of the toner is from 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 6 Pa, and a storage elastic modulus at 160° C. (G′(160° C.)) of the toner is from 1.0×10 2 to 1.0×10 4 Pa. A ratio of loss elastic modulus to storage elastic modulus at 100° C. (tan δ(100° C.)) of the toner is greater than that at 130° C. (tan δ(130° C.)), and the tan δ(100° C.) and the tan δ(130° C.) are each within the range of from 1 to 2.
1. A non-magnetic toner comprising:
a polyester resin;
a release agent; and
a colorant,
wherein a storage elastic modulus at 100° C. (G′(100° C.)) of the toner is from 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 6 Pa,
wherein a storage elastic modulus at 160° C. (G′(160° C.)) of the toner is from 1.0×10 2 to 1.0×10 4 Pa,
wherein a ratio of loss elastic modulus to storage elastic modulus at 100° C. (tan δ(100° C.)) of the toner is greater than a ratio of loss elastic modulus to storage elastic modulus at 130° C. (tan δ(130° C.)), and
wherein the tan δ(100° C.) and the tan δ(130° C.) are each within the range of from 1 to 2.
2. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the G′(100° C.) is in the range of from 1.0×10 4 to 1.0×10 6 Pa.
3. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the G′(160° C.) is in the range of from 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 4 Pa.
4. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the toner has a glass transition temperature of from 45° C. to 63° C., the glass transition temperature determined from a differential scanning calorimetric curve obtained in a first heating of the toner in a differential scanning calorimetry.
5. A developer comprising the toner of claim 1 .
6. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an electrostatic latent image bearer;
a charger to charge a surface of the electrostatic latent image bearer;
an irradiator to irradiate the charged surface of the electrostatic latent image bearer to form an electrostatic latent image;
a developing device containing the toner of claim 1 , to develop the electrostatic latent image into a toner image with the toner;
a transfer device to transfer the toner image onto a recording medium; and
a fixing device to fix the toner image on the recording medium.
7. The image forming apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the fixing device includes a nip portion configured to pressurize the toner image on the recording medium for a nip time of 35 msec or more to fix the toner image on the recording medium.
8. A process cartridge detachably mountable to an image forming apparatus, comprising:
an electrostatic latent image bearer; and
a developing device containing the toner of claim 1 , to develop an electrostatic latent image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer into a toner image with the toner.
9. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the polyester resin comprises a first polyester resin having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from −60° C. to 70° C., and a second polyester resin having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 20° C. or greater.
10. The toner of claim 9 , wherein the first polyester resin has the glass transition temperature (Tg) of from −40° C. to 0° C., and the second polyester resin has the glass transition temperature (Tg) of from 30° C. to 80° C.
11. The toner of claim 10 , wherein the first polyester resin is insoluble in tetrahydrofuran, and the second polyester resin is soluble in tetrahydrofuran.
12. The toner of claim 10 , wherein the first polyester resin has a weight average molecular weight of from 20,000 to 10,000,000, and the second polyester resin has a weight average molecular weight of from 3,000 to 30,000.
13. The toner of claim 10 , wherein the first polyester resin is included in an amount of from 10% to 30% by mass, and the second polyester resin is included in an amount of from 40% to 80% by mass, relative to the mass of the toner.
14. The toner of claim 10 , wherein the first polyester resin is included in an amount of from 10% to 20% by mass, and the second polyester resin is included in an amount of from 60% to 80% by mass, relative to the mass of the toner.
15. The toner of claim 9 , wherein the first polyester resin has the glass transition temperature (Tg) of from −40° C. to 0° C., and the second polyester resin has the glass transition temperature (Tg) of from 45° C. to 70° C.
16. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the G′(100° C.) is in the range of from 1.0×10 4 to 1.0×10 6 Pa, and the G′(160° C.) is in the range of from 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 4 Pa.
17. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the tan δ(100° C.) and the tan δ(130° C.) are each within the range of from 1.2 to 1.7.