Method for forming perovskite layers using atmospheric pressure plasma
Improved deposition of optoelectronically active perovskite materials is provided with a two step process. In the first step, precursors are deposited on a substrate. In the second step, the deposited precursors are exposed to an atmospheric pressure plasma which efficiently cures the precursors to provide the desired perovskite thin film. The resulting films can have excellent optical properties combined with superior mechanical properties.
1. A method of forming an optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material, the method comprising:
depositing one or more precursors on a substrate to provide deposited precursors;
exposing the deposited precursors to a plasma discharge to form the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material, wherein the plasma discharge has a pressure between 0.5 atm and 1.5 atm.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposing the deposited precursors to a plasma discharge to form the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material provides simultaneous
a) solvent removal,
b) precursor bond rearrangement, and
c) crystallization of perovskite structure, and
d) evolution of reaction byproducts.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposing the deposited precursors to a plasma discharge to form the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material comprises a method selected from the group consisting of: exposing the deposited precursors directly to a plasma discharge, exposing the deposited precursors to an afterglow region of a plasma discharge and exposing the deposited precursors to a plasma jet region of a plasma discharge.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma discharge is provided by lateral injection.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma discharge is provided by central injection.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma discharge is selected from the group consisting of: arc discharges, dielectric barrier discharges, corona discharges, radio-frequency capacitive discharges, microwave discharges, and inductive discharges.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the depositing the one or more precursors comprises one or more deposition processes selected from the group consisting of: spraying, casting, printing, liquid deposition and vapor deposition.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material is configured to be an active layer in a solar cell.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material is configured to be an active layer in a light emitting device.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material is configured to be an active layer in a light detecting device.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material is configured to be an active layer in a water splitting system.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material is configured to be an active layer in a non-linear optoelectronic device.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optoelectronically active layer of a perovskite material is configured to be an active layer in a photostriction-based device.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma discharge is open to ambient air.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma discharge is contained within an enclosure providing a controlled atmosphere.