Potential gradient amplified detection of chemical agents
New approaches for selective detection of chemical agents such as sarin are necessary because of the high toxicity of sarin and related compounds, the potential of these compounds to be used as weapons of mass destruction, and the limitations of current detection methodologies. Herein is described an apparatus and a method for selective and amplified detection of sarin simulants deposited via an aerosol process. The simulant absorbs into a hydrogel, where it hydrolyzes upon contact with water producing elemental ions. The elemental ions are then concentrated via an ionic chemical potential gradient to a sensor, where it is detected. This technique has potential to amplify the capture efficiency of a sensor by a 1000-fold within couple of minutes.
1. A polymer gel for detection of elemental ions comprising:
a) a polymer gel having a chemical potential gradient that can concentrate elemental ions by enthalpy driven transport; and
b) a plurality of functional groups, wherein the polymer gel is covalently bonded to the functional groups that provide the chemical potential gradient that transports the elemental ions to a region where the elemental ions are concentrated;
wherein the polymer gel comprises a catalyst or an enzyme dispersed in the polymer gel, and the polymer gel is configured so that when an analyte is in contact with the polymer gel the analyte will dissociate into molecular ions and elemental ions, and the elemental ions will be transported by the chemical potential gradient formed by the functional groups to the region where the elemental ions are concentrated.
2. The polymer gel of claim 1 wherein the functional groups comprise a quaternary amine moiety, a sulfate moiety, a nitrate moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a borate moiety, or a combination thereof.
3. The polymer gel of claim 2 wherein the elemental ions are halide ions or hydrogen ions.
4. The polymer gel of claim 1 wherein the polymer gel comprises a polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel, wherein the (PAAm) hydrogel is covalently bonded to the functional groups, and wherein the functional groups comprise a quaternary ammonium moiety, a sulfate moiety, a nitrate moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a borate moiety, or a combination thereof.
5. The polymer gel of claim 4 wherein the hydrogel is planar and comprises at least about 80% water.
6. The polymer gel of claim 4 wherein the covalent bonds comprise amide bonds to (2-aminoethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (AETMA), sulfanilic acid, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, 3-aminophenylboronic acid, or a combination thereof.
7. The polymer gel of claim 6 wherein the chemical potential gradient is linear, concentric, or a combination thereof.
8. The polymer gel of claim 1 wherein the polymer gel comprises an electrode at the region where the elemental ions are concentrated.
9. An autonomic ion detector comprising:
a) a polymer gel having at least one chemical potential gradient that can concentrate elemental ions by enthalpy driven transport, wherein the elemental ions are halide ions, hydrogen ions, or a combination thereof;
b) a catalyst dispersed in the polymer gel to catalyze the dissociation of a sample into elemental ions and molecular ions;
c) a plurality functional groups comprising a quaternary amine moiety, a sulfate moiety, a nitrate moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a borate moiety, or a combination thereof;
wherein the polymer gel is covalently bonded to the functional groups that provide the chemical potential gradient that transports the elemental ions to a region where the ions are concentrated; and
d) an electrode to detect elemental ions at the region where the elemental ions are concentrated;
wherein the polymer gel is configured so that when a sample is in contact with it the sample will dissociate into molecular ions and elemental ions, and the elemental ions will be transported by the chemical potential gradient formed by the functional groups to the region where the elemental ions are concentrated, where they are also detected.
10. The ion detector of claim 9 wherein the polymer gel comprises a polyacrylamide hydrogel, the hydrogel is planar, and the chemical potential gradient is linear, concentric, or a combination thereof.
11. A method of detecting elemental ions comprising:
a) contacting a sample with the ion detector of claim 10 , wherein the sample comprises one analyte, or two or more different analytes that are hydrolyzed by the hydrogel into molecular ions and elemental ions, and the elemental ions are concentrated by the chemical potential gradient; and
b) detecting the concentration of elemental ions.
12. A method of detecting elemental ions comprising:
a) contacting a sample with a polymer gel having at least one chemical potential gradient that can concentrate elemental ions by enthalpy driven transport;
wherein the polymer gel is covalently bonded to a plurality of functional groups that provide the chemical potential gradient that transports the elemental ions to a region where the elemental ions are concentrated; and
b) detecting the concentration of elemental ions with an electrode at the region where the elemental ions are concentrated;
wherein the sample comprises one analyte, or two or more different analytes that are dissociated by contacting the polymer gel into molecular ions and elemental ions, and the elemental ions are transported by the chemical potential gradient formed by the functional groups to the region where the elemental ions are concentrated and detected.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the polymer gel comprises a catalyst dispersed in the polymer gel.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the catalyst comprises diisopropyl fluorophosphatase (DFPase).
15. The method of claim 12 wherein the polymer gel comprises a planar polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel, wherein the planar (PAAm) hydrogel is covalently bonded to the functional groups, the functional groups comprise a quaternary amine moiety, a sulfate moiety, a nitrate moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a borate moiety, or a combination thereof, and the chemical potential gradient is linear, concentric, or a combination thereof.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the hydrogel has a pH of about 9 to about 12.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the enthalpy driven rate of transport of elemental ions is about 10 −6 m/s to about 10 −5 m/s.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the polymer gel has 2, 3 or 4 chemical potential gradients.
19. The method of claim 12 wherein the elemental ions detected are hydrogen ions, fluorine ions, chlorine ions, iodine ions, or a combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 12 wherein the sample comprises G-type nerve agents, and the lower limit of detection is about 1 ppb or less.