Thermal phase shifters for optical phased arrays
Aspects of the present disclosure describe photonic integrated circuits on a common substrate including an optical phased array having a plurality of emitters and a plurality of thermal phase shifters in which the thermal phase shifters are thermally isolated from one another through the effect of one or more trenches formed over and/or under and/or around the thermal phase shifters and/or waveguides including same.
1. An optical phased array structure comprising: a plurality of optical emitters in optical communication with a plurality of optical phase shifters,
wherein
each individual one of the plurality of optical phase shifters is thermally insulated from one another by one or more trenches formed in the structure, wherein each individual trench underlies more than one of the phase shifters; and
the plurality of optical phase shifters exhibit a pitch that is smaller than three times a wavelength of light that the structure is configured to emit.
2. The optical phased array structure of claim 1
wherein:
the plurality of optical phase shifters exhibit substantially the same pitch as the plurality of optical emitters.
3. The optical phased array structure of claim 1 wherein:
the structure includes a single trench that underlies all of the individual phase shifters in the plurality of phase shifters.
4. The optical phased array structure of claim 3 wherein:
the structure includes a second trench that underlies all of the individual emitters in the plurality of emitters.
5. The optical phase array structure of claim 3 wherein:
the single trench underlies all of the individual emitters in the plurality of emitters.
6. The optical phased array structure of claim 1 wherein:
the phase shifters are arranged in groups of multiple individual phase shifters, each phase shifter group having a single trench associated with the phase shifter group that underlies the phase shifter group.
7. The optical phased array structure of claim 6 wherein:
the plurality of emitters are arranged in groups of multiple individual emitters, each emitter group having a single trench associated with the emitter group that underlies the emitter group, each emitter group associated with a single phase shifter group, and each emitter group having the same number of individual emitters as its associated phase shifter group has phase shifters.
8. An optical phased array structure comprising:
a plurality of optical emitters/antennae;
a plurality of waveguides, each individual one of the plurality of waveguides optically coupled to a respective one of the plurality of optical emitters/antennae, each of the individual waveguides have an individual thermal phase shifter associated with the individual waveguide;
wherein at least a portion of each individual waveguide is positioned adjacent to a trench formed in the structure, wherein each trench underlies more than one of the individual waveguides; and
wherein the optical phase shifters exhibit a pitch that is smaller than three times a wavelength of light that the structure is configured to emit.
9. The optical phased array structure according to claim 8 wherein the individual thermal phase shifter associated with the individual waveguide is formed within the waveguide.
10. The optical phased array structure according to claim 9 wherein heat generated in the thermal phase shifter is substantially confined to a central portion of that phase shifter.
11. The optical phased array structure according to claim 9 wherein the thermal phase shifter is configured to exhibit an electrical resistance that varies along its length.
12. The optical phased array structure according to claim 9 wherein the thermal phase shifter exhibits a width that varies along its length such that it is narrowest at substantially its center.
13. The optical phase array structure according to claim 9 wherein the thermal phase shifter exhibits a doping resistivity cross sectional profile configured such that the suspended portion exhibits a maximum electrical resistance at a desired position of the waveguide.
14. The optical phased array structure according to claim 8 wherein at least a portion of each individual waveguide is a suspended waveguide.
15. The optical phased array structure according to claim 8 wherein heat generated in the waveguide through the effect of one of the phase shifters is substantially confined to a central portion.
16. The optical phased array structure according to claim 15 wherein the waveguide is configured to exhibit an electrical resistance that varies along its length.
17. The optical phased array structure according to claim 15 wherein the waveguide exhibits a width that varies along its length such that it is narrowest at substantially its center.
18. The optical phase array structure according to claim 15 wherein the waveguide exhibits a doping resistivity cross sectional profile configured such that the waveguide exhibits a desired maxi mum electrical resistance at a desired position of the waveguide.
19. The optical phased array structure according to claim 8 wherein at least one trench formed in the structure exhibits a geometry that varies along its length.
20. The optical phased array structure of claim 8 that has a single trench configured such that the single trench underlies the entire plurality of waveguides.
21. The optical phase array structure of claim 8 wherein the plurality of waveguides are arranged in groups of a plurality of individual waveguides, each group having a single trench associated with the group that underlies the group.
22. The optical phased array structure of claim 8 wherein the plurality of optical emitters/antennae and the plurality of waveguides exhibit substantially the same wavelength scale pitch.
23. An optical phased array structure comprising: a plurality of optical emitters in optical communication with a plurality of optical phase shifters, wherein
each individual one of the plurality of optical emitters is thermally insulated and optically isolated from one another by one or more trenches formed in the structure, wherein each individual trench underlies more than one of the optical emitters; and
the plurality of optical phase shifters exhibit a pitch that is smaller than three times a wavelength of light that the structure is configured to emit.
24. The optical phased array structure of claim 23 wherein:
the structure includes a single trench that underlies all of the individual emitters in the plurality of emitters.
25. The optical phased array structure of claim 24 wherein:
the plurality of emitters and the plurality of optical phase shifters exhibit substantially the same wavelength-scale pitch.