Electrode and sensor apparatus and related methods for detection of nitric oxide and peroxynitrate
The disclosure relates to electrodes and related sensor apparatus for the detection of nitric oxide (NO) and/or peroxynitrite (PON). The electrodes and sensors incorporate electrically conducting boron-doped diamond (BDD) to provide a selective and quantitative detection platform. The sensing electrode for detection of NO includes metallic nanoparticles for oxidation of NO as well as anionic polyelectrolyte layer over the electrically conducting BDD layer. The sensing electrode for detection of PON includes an electrically conductive polymeric layer including a metal-complexed porphyrin for redox reaction with PON over the electrically conducting BDD layer. A corresponding sensor apparatus includes one or two electrochemical cells with associated electrolytes, separate working electrodes for the separate, selective detection of NO or PON, and associated reference electrode(s) and counter electrode(s). Use of the related sensor with various electrochemical techniques to detect NO and/or PON in exhaled breath can be used for detection and/or diagnosis of lung-related conditions.
1. A method for detecting nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (PON), the method comprising:
(a) providing an electrochemical sensor comprising:
(A) a first electrochemical cell comprising (i) a first housing defining a first internal cell volume, (ii) a first working electrode (WE1) in the first internal cell volume for detection of nitric oxide (NO), (iii) a first reference electrode (RE1) in the first internal cell volume, (iv) optionally a first counter electrode (CE1) in the first internal cell volume, and (v) a first liquid electrolyte medium in the first internal cell volume with the WE1, RE1, and CE1 electrodes immersed therein,
wherein the first working electrode (WE1) comprises: a first electrically conducting substrate; a first electrically conducting boron-doped diamond (BDD) layer over the first electrically conducting substrate; first metallic nanoparticles for oxidation of nitric oxide (NO), the first metallic nanoparticles being deposited on the first electrically conducting BDD layer; and a first anionic polyelectrolyte layer over the first metallic nanoparticles and the first electrically conducting BDD layer; and
(B) a second electrochemical cell comprising (i) a second housing defining a second internal cell volume, (ii) a second working electrode (WE2) in the second internal cell volume for detection of peroxynitrite (PON), (iii) a second reference electrode (RE2) in the second internal cell volume, (iv) optionally a second counter electrode (CE2) in the second internal cell volume, and (v) a second liquid electrolyte medium in the second internal cell volume with the WE2, RE2, and CE2 electrodes immersed therein,
wherein the second working electrode (WE2) comprises: a second electrically conducting substrate; a second electrically conducting boron-doped diamond (BDD) layer over the second electrically conducting substrate; a second electrically conductive polymeric layer over the second electrically conducting BDD layer, the second electrically conductive polymeric layer comprising (i) an electrically conductive polymer and (ii) a porphyrin comprising a complexed metal ion; and
optionally a second cationic polyelectrolyte layer over the second electrically conductive polymeric layer;
(b) delivering a sample containing or suspected of containing at least one of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (PON) to the first liquid electrolyte medium and the second liquid electrolyte medium; and
(c) electrochemically detecting, using the electrochemical sensor, the nitric oxide present in the first electrochemical cell, and electrochemically detecting, using the electrochemical sensor, the peroxynitrite present in the second electrochemical cell.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid electrolyte medium and the second liquid electrolyte medium comprise a phosphate-buffered saline solution.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample contains at least one of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite as a target analyte.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrochemical detection comprises:
applying a first voltage differential to the first electrochemical cell WE1, RE1, and CE1 electrodes measuring a corresponding electrical current though the first electrochemical cell; and
applying a second voltage differential to the second electrochemical cell WE2, RE2, and CE2 electrodes measuring a corresponding electrical current though the second electrochemical cell.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
(d) quantitatively determining the amount of the nitric oxide and the peroxynitrite in the sample.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is an exhaled breath sample from a human or animal.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein:
the first electrochemical cell further comprises a first gas-permeable membrane at a boundary of the first internal cell volume;
the second electrochemical cell further comprises a second gas-permeable membrane at a boundary of the second internal cell volume;
the electrochemical sensor further comprises a sample gas flow inlet coupled to and in fluid communication with the first gas-permeable membrane and the second gas-permeable membrane; and
delivering the sample comprises exhaling the breath sample into the gas flow inlet such that any nitric oxide present in the breath sample passes through the first gas-permeable membrane and into the first liquid electrolyte medium of the first electrochemical cell, and any peroxynitrite present in the breath sample passes through the second gas-permeable membrane and into the second liquid electrolyte medium of the second electrochemical cell.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first electrochemical cell further comprises a first gas-permeable membrane at a boundary of the first internal cell volume; and
the second electrochemical cell further comprises a second gas-permeable membrane at a boundary of the second internal cell volume.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the electrochemical sensor further comprises a sample gas flow inlet coupled to and in fluid communication with the first gas-permeable membrane and the second gas-permeable membrane.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
the first gas-permeable membrane comprises an anionic polyelectrolyte membrane; and
the second gas-permeable membrane comprises a polysiloxane membrane.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first reference electrode (RE1) and the second reference electrode (RE2) are Ag/AgCl electrodes; and
the first counter electrode (CE1) and the second counter electrode (CE2) are platinum wire electrodes.