Method for splitting carbon dioxide into molecular oxygen and carbon
Apparatus and methods for facilitating an intramolecular reaction that occurs in single collisions of CO 2 molecules (or their derivatives amenable to controllable acceleration, such as CO 2 + ions) with a solid surface, such that molecular oxygen (or its relevant analogs, e.g., O 2 + and O 2 − ions) is directly produced are provided. The reaction is driven by kinetic energy and is independent of surface composition and temperature. The methods and apparatus may be used to remove CO 2 from Earth's atmosphere, while, in other embodiments, the methods and apparatus may be used to prevent the atmosphere's contamination with CO 2 emissions. In yet other embodiments, the methods and apparatus may be used to obtain molecular oxygen in CO 2 -rich environments, such as to facilitate exploration of extraterrestrial bodies with CO 2 -rich atmospheres (e.g. Mars).
1. A method for splitting carbon dioxide into molecular oxygen and carbon, comprising accelerating carbon dioxide molecules against a solid surface at an incident angle such that the carbon dioxide molecules have kinetic energy E 0 of between 10 and 300 eV at collision against the solid surface, wherein the solid surface comprises an atom with atomic mass larger than 16 Dalton or an oxide of a smaller element.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising ionizing the carbon dioxide molecules prior to the acceleration.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the carbon dioxide molecules are ionized by one of either photoexcitation or energetic electron bombardment.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the accelerated carbon dioxide molecules have a kinetic energy of between 20 and 200 eV.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide molecules subjected to acceleration are produced in a carbon dioxide plasma.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the plasma ionizes the carbon dioxide molecules to produce carbon dioxide ions, and wherein the potential of the plasma is externally adjusted to produce an electric field in the plasma such that the carbon dioxide ions are accelerated to the kinetic energy E 0 .
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid surface comprises grounded metal electrodes.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid surface comprises one or more element selected from the group: any element of rows 4, 5, and 6 of the Periodic table, an oxide of any element thereof, any combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid surface comprises one or more element selected from the group: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Cd, Hf, Ta, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, an oxide of any element thereof, any combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid surface is selected from the group of silicon oxide or indium tin oxide.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acceleration occurs via application of an electric field.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide molecules to molecular oxygen is up to 33%.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide molecules to molecular oxygen is at least 5%.