Synthetic methods for crystallite size control of bimetallic polyanionic battery compositions
Bimetallic polyanionic materials, such as silver vanadium phosphorus oxide (Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 , SVOP), are promising cathode materials for Li batteries due in part to their large capacity and high current capability. A new synthesis of Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 based on microwave heating is disclosed, where the reaction time is reduced by approximately 100 times relative to other reported methods, and the crystallite size is controlled via synthesis temperature, showing a linear positive correlation of crystallite size with temperature. Reaction times of an hour or less are sufficient to render phase-pure material after reaction at 50° C. to 180° C., significantly lower than the temperatures reported for other methods. Crystallite sizes between 42 nm and 60 nm are achieved by the novel method, smaller than by other methods. Silver/vanadium atomic ratios of 1.96 to 2.04 in the as-synthesized SVOP result and appear temperature-dependent. Notably, under galvanostatic reduction, the Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 sample with the smallest crystallite size delivers the highest capacity and shows the highest loaded voltage.
1. A method of controlling an average crystallite size of a composition comprising silver vanadium phosphorus oxide, the method comprising:
selection a reaction temperature and a reaction time;
heating a mixture of vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), silver oxide (Ag 2 O), phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), and water using microwave energy to the reaction temperature;
holding the mixture at the reaction temperature under microwave irradiation for the reaction time to form the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide composition; and
cooling the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide composition to room temperature, such that the average crystallite size of the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide composition is attained, wherein the average crystallite size of the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide composition is less than about 100 nm, and wherein the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide composition has a surface area of from 5.7 m 2 /g to 7.5 m 2 /g, and an atomic ratio of silver to vanadium between 1.96 and 2.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein: the reaction temperature is between 50° C. and 180° C.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the attained average crystallite size of the silver vanadium phosphorous oxide is between 42 nm and 60 nm.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the attained average crystallite size of the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide is 42 nm.
5. A composition comprising silver vanadium phosphorus oxide having an average crystallite size less than about 100 nm and a surface area of from 5.7 m 2 /g to 7.5 m 2 /g, wherein an atomic ratio of silver to vanadium in the silver vanadium phosphorous oxide is 2.0.
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the average crystallite size is between 42 nm and 60 nm.
7. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the average crystallite size is 42 nm.
8. A composition comprising silver vanadium phosphorus oxide having an average crystallite size less than about 100 nm and a surface area of from 5.7 m 2 /g to 7.5 m 2 /g, and wherein an atomic ratio of silver to vanadium in the sliver vanadium phosphorus oxide is between 1.96 and 2.04.
9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the average crystallite size is maintained between 42 nm and 60 nm, including maintaining the atomic ratio of silver to vanadium in the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide between 1.96 and 2.04.
10. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the average crystallite size is maintained at 42 nm, including maintaining the atomic ratio of silver to vanadium in the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide at about 2.
11. A composition comprising silver vanadium phosphorus oxide having an average crystallite size less than about 100 nm, a surface area of from 5.7 m 2 /g to 7.5 m 2 /g, and an atomic ratio of silver to vanadium between 1.96 and 2.04 prepared by a process comprising the steps of:
combining vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), silver oxide (Ag 2 O), phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 , and pure water (H 2 O) at room temperature;
heating the combined vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), silver oxide (Ag 2 O), phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), and pure water (H 2 O) using microwave energy at a ramp rate to a reaction temperature;
maintaining the heated, combined vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), silver oxide (Ag 2 O), phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), and pure water (H 2 O) at the reaction temperature for a reaction time to form a silver vanadium phosphorous oxide composition; and
cooling the silver vanadium phosphorous oxide composition to room temperature.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the average crystallite size is between 42 nm and 60 nm.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the average crystallite size is maintained at 42 nm including maintaining an atomic ratio of silver to vanadium in the silver vanadium phosphorus oxide at about 2.