Generation and correction of a humanized mouse model with a deletion of dystrophin exon 44
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which affects 1 in 5,000 male births, is one of the most common genetic disorders of children. This disease is caused by an absence or deficiency of dystrophin protein in striated muscle. The major DMD deletion “hot spots” are found between exon 6 to 8, and exons 45 to 53. Here, a “humanized” mouse model is provided that can be used to test a variety of DMD exon skipping strategies. Among these are, CRISPR/Cas9 oligonucleotides, small molecules or other therapeutic modalities that promote exon skipping or micro dystrophin mini genes or cell based therapies. Methods for restoring the reading frame of exon 44 deletion via CRISPR-mediated exon skipping in the humanized mouse model, in patient-derived iPS cells and ultimately, in patients using various delivery systems are also contemplated. The impact of CRISPR technology on DMD is that gene editing can permanently correct mutations.
1. A mouse whose genome comprises a deletion of exon 44 of the endogenous dystrophin gene resulting in an out of frame shift and a premature stop codon in exon 45; wherein the mouse is homozygous for the deletion; and wherein the mouse does not exhibit detectable dystrophin protein in heart or skeletal muscle.
2. The mouse of claim 1 , wherein the mouse exhibits increased serum creatine kinase levels.
3. An isolated cell obtained from the mouse of claim 1 .
4. A mouse produced by a method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a fertilized oocyte with a nucleotide sequence encoding Cpf1 or Cas9 and two single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting sequences flanking exon 44 of the mouse dystrophin gene, thereby creating a modified oocyte, wherein deletion of exon 44 by Cpf1 or Cas9 results in an out of frame shift and a premature stop codon in exon 45; and
(b) transferring the modified oocyte into a recipient female;
wherein the mouse is homozygous for the deletion; and
wherein the mouse does not exhibit detectable dystrophin protein in heart or skeletal muscle.
5. The mouse of claim 4 , wherein the two sgRNAs comprise SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, 7 and 8, 27 and 28, 29 and 30, 31 and 32, 33 and 34, 35 and 36, or 37 and 38.
6. The mouse of claim 4 , wherein the Cas9 is provided as naked plasmid DNA or chemically-modified mRNA.