CO2 separation and liquefaction system and method

1. A CO2 separation and liquefaction system comprising:

a first cooling stage for cooling CO2-containing gas, the first cooling stage comprising:

a first gas path comprising at least a first heat exchanger configured to cool a first portion of the CO2-containing gas using a first portion of liquid CO2 as a coolant; and

a second gas path coupled in parallel with the first gas path, the second gas path comprising at least a second heat exchanger configured to cool a second portion of the CO2-containing gas using a N2-rich stream of gas as a coolant;

wherein the first cooling stage outputs a first cooled gas;

a compression stage configured to compress the first cooled gas output by the first cooling stage in at least one compressor to output a compressed gas;

a second cooling stage comprising: at least a third heat exchanger configured to use a second portion of the liquid CO2 as a coolant to cool the compressed gas; and

wherein the second cooling stage is configured to receive the second portion of the liquid CO2 from a CO2 reservoir, to direct the second portion of the liquid CO2 to the first heat exchanger to form at least a part of the first portion of the liquid CO2;

and to output a second cooled gas;

an expansion stage comprising at least a frost heat exchanger, the expansion stage configured to:

form the N2 rich stream of gas by extracting solid CO2 from the second cooled gas output by the second cooling stage;

receive a third portion of the liquid CO2 from the CO2 reservoir in the at least one frost heat exchanger to melt at least a portion of the solid CO2 to produce melted CO2;

provide the melted CO2 to the CO2 reservoir; and

direct the N2-rich stream of gas output by the at least one frost heat exchanger:

through at least one expander to cool the N2-rich stream of gas;

from the at least one expander to the at least one frost heat exchanger for use as a coolant; and

from the at least one frost heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger in the second gas path.

2. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 1 , further comprising:

a split for separating the CO2-containing gas into the first and second portions and directing the first and second portions to the first and second gas paths, respectively; and a mixer for combining the first and second gas portions into the first cooled gas for entry into the compression stage.

3. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 1 wherein the first gas path of the first cooling stage comprises:

a fourth heat exchanger connected in series with the first heat exchanger; and

a fifth heat exchanger connected in series with the fourth heat exchanger.

4. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 3 wherein at least a portion of the first cooling stage is configured to remove water via recuperative cooling using a portion of the liquid CO2 as a coolant and wherein:

the first heat exchanger is configured to cool the first portion of the CO2-containing gas to a first temperature;

the fourth heat exchanger is configured to cool the first portion of the CO2-containing gas to a second temperature lower than the first temperature; and

the fifth heat exchanger is configured to cool the first portion of the CO2-containing gas to a third temperature lower than the second temperature.

5. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 4 wherein the fifth heat exchanger is configured to cool the first portion of the CO2-containing gas to a temperature of 220K.

6. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 1 wherein the compression stage comprises:

a first compressor;

at least a second compressor; and

a sixth heat exchanger connected in series with and between the first and second compressors of the compression stage.

7. A method of operating a CO2 separation and liquefaction system, the method comprising:

cooling a CO2 containing gas in a first cooling stage by cooling a first portion of the CO2-containing gas in a first gas path, the first gas path comprising a first heat exchanger that utilizes a first portion of a liquid CO2 as a coolant;

cooling a second portion of the CO2-containing gas in a second gas path, the second gas path comprising a second heat exchanger that utilizes an N2 rich stream as a coolant;

combining the first and second portions of the CO2-containing gas after cooling in the first and second gas paths, respectively, to output a first cooled gas;

compressing the first cooled gas output by the first cooling stage in a compression stage comprising at least one compressor to output a compressed gas;

cooling the compressed gas output by the compression stage in a second cooling stage comprising at least one heat exchanger using a second portion of liquid CO2 received from a CO2 reservoir as a coolant to output a second cooled gas;

extracting solid CO2 from the second cooled gas output by the second cooling stage in an expansion stage comprising at least one frost heat exchanger configured to extract CO2 from the cooled gas output by the second cooling stage to form the N2 rich stream,

cooling the N2 rich stream output by the at least one frost heat exchanger in at least one expander of the expansion stage;

supplying the N2 rich stream from the at least one expander to the at least one frost heat exchanger for use as a coolant;

supplying the N2 rich stream from the at least one frost heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger of the second gas path of the first cooling stage for use as a coolant;

supplying a third portion of the liquid CO2 from the CO2 reservoir to the at least one frost heat exchanger of the expansion stage to melt at least a portion of the solid CO2 into a melted CO2; and providing the melted CO2 to the CO2 reservoir;

wherein the first portion of the liquid CO2 comprises at least a part of the 2 nd portion of the liquid CO2.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the supplying the second portion of the liquid CO2 from the CO2 reservoir to the at least one frost heat exchanger further comprises: determining whether a predetermined amount of the solid CO2 has formed within the at least one frost heat exchanger; if the solid CO2 formed within the at least one frost heat exchanger is equal to or greater than the predetermined amount of the solid CO2, operating at least one first valve to prevent the gas output by the second cooling stage from entering the at least one first frost heat exchanger; and operating at least one second valve to turn on a flow of the liquid CO2 to the at least one frost heat exchanger.

9. The method of claim 7 further comprising:

cooling the CO2-containing gas in a precooler to condense out water and acid from the CO2-containing gas to produce a residual gas;

compressing the residual gas output by the precooler in at least one hot compressor;

cooling a compressed gas output by the at least one hot compressor in at least one post-compression heat exchanger; and

directing a cooled gas output by the at least one post-compression heat-exchanger to the first cooling stage.

10. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 1 , wherein the second gas path of the first cooling stage comprises:

a seventh heat exchanger connected in series with the second heat exchanger; and

an eighth heat exchanger connected in series with the seventh heat exchanger.

11. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 10 , wherein at least a portion of the second cooling stage is configured to remove water via recuperative cooling using a portion of the N2 rich gas as a coolant and wherein:

the second heat exchanger is configured to cool the second portion of the CO2-containing gas to a fourth temperature;

the seventh heat exchanger is configured to cool the second portion of the CO2-containing gas to a fifth temperature lower than the fourth temperature; and

the eighth heat exchanger is configured to cool the second portion of the CO2-containing gas to a sixth temperature lower than the fifth temperature.

12. The CO2 separation and liquefaction system of claim 11 , wherein the eighth heat exchanger is configured to cool the second portion of the CO2-containing gas to a temperature of 220K.