Manufacture of particulate reference materials
Methods for forming particulates that are highly consistent with regard to shape, size, and content are described. Particulates are suitable for use as reference materials. Methods can incorporate actinides and/or lanthanides, e.g., uranium, and can be used for forming certified reference materials for use in the nuclear industry. Methods include formation of an aerosol from an oxalate salt solution, in-line diagnostics, and collection of particles of the aerosol either in a liquid impinger or on a solid surface.
1. A method for forming a composite structure that includes a substrate and a particulate deposited on a surface of the substrate, the method comprising:
forming a solution comprising an oxalate salt of a metallic element;
forming an aerosol comprising the solution, the aerosol comprising particles including the metallic element;
directing the aerosol through an electric field, and thereby ionizing the particles of the aerosol;
following, directing the aerosol past a conductive surface of a substrate, the ionized particles of the aerosol depositing on the conductive surface as the aerosol passes the surface; wherein
the deposited particles have an average particle size of about 20 micrometers or less and a geometric standard deviation of about 1.25 or less.
2. The method of claim 1 , the solution comprising an oxalate salt of two or more actinides and/or lanthanides.
3. The method of claim 1 , the metallic element comprising an actinide and/or a lanthanide.
4. The method of claim 1 , the metallic element comprising uranium.
5. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising carrying out an in-line diagnostic procedure on the aerosol prior to directing the aerosol past the conductive surface.
6. The method of claim 5 , the in-line diagnostic procedure comprising aerodynamic particle sizing.
7. The method of claim 1 , where the conductive surface comprises a doped silicon or a graphite.
8. The method of claim 1 , the ionized particles depositing on multiple conductive surfaces simultaneously.
9. The method of claim 1 , the solution comprising multiple metallic elements.
10. The method of claim 9 , the solution comprising a first metallic element and a second metallic element at a molar ratio of the first metallic element to the second metallic element of from 10:1 to 1000:1.
11. The method of claim 1 , the solution comprising the metallic element with a known isotopic content.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles are deposited at a rate of 0.01 milligram particles per hour or greater.
13. The method of claim 1 , the method forming from about 0.5 milligrams to about 2 milligrams of particles in a period of from about 50 hours to about 100 hours.
14. The method of claim 1 , the deposited particles having an average diameter maxima of about 5 micrometers or less.
15. The method of claim 14 , the deposited particles having a geometric standard deviation of about 1.2 or less.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aerosol is formed by use of a flow-focusing monodisperse aerosol generator.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aerosol is formed according to a method that includes injecting the solution into an airflow at an injection rate of 0.05 to 0.07 milliliters per minute.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the airflow is at a rate of 3 to 30 liters per minute.