Electrochemical eradication of microbes on surfaces of objects

1. A method of treating the surface of an object, wherein the object is of such material that it can act as a working electrode, the method comprising:

providing a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and the object acting as the working electrode, wherein the object is implantable or implanted; and

passing a first electrical current through the working and counter electrodes for a first length of time, wherein the first electrical current is varied such that a first electric potential of the working electrode is substantially constant and positive relative to an electric potential of the reference electrode.

2. A method of treating the surface of an object, wherein the object is of such material that it can act as a working electrode, the method comprising:

providing a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and the object acting as the working electrode, wherein the object is implantable or implanted; and

passing a first electrical current through the working and counter electrodes for a first length of time, wherein the first electrical current is varied such that a first electric potential of the working electrode is substantially constant and negative relative to an electric potential of the reference electrode.

3. A method of treating the surface of an object, wherein the object is of such material that it can act as a working electrode, the method comprising:

providing a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and the object acting as the working electrode, wherein the object is implantable or implanted;

passing a first electrical current through the working and counter electrodes for a first length of time, wherein the first electrical current is varied such that a first electric potential of the working electrode is substantially constant relative to an electric potential of the reference electrode; and

passing a second electrical current through the working and counter electrodes for a second length of time, wherein the second electrical current is varied such that a second electric potential of the working electrode is substantially constant relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first electrical current is varied such that the first electric potential of the working electrode is negative relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first electrical current is varied such that the first electric potential of the working electrode is positive relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the step of passing electrical current through the working and counter electrodes is performed using a potentiostatic device.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the potentiostatic device is a potentiostat.

8. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first electrical current is varied such that the first electric potential of the working electrode is equal to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

9. The method of claim 3 , wherein the second electrical current is varied such that the second electric potential of the working electrode is negative relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

10. The method of claim 3 , wherein the second electrical current is varied such that the second electric potential of the working electrode is positive relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

11. The method of claim 3 , wherein the second electrical current is varied such that the second electric potential of the working electrode is equal to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

12. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first length of time is different from the second length of time.

13. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first electrical current flows in a direction opposite a direction of the second electrical current.

14. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first and second electrical currents are selectively passed through the working and counter electrodes in any combination or order so as to alternate the working electrode with the first and second electric potentials, respectively.

15. The method of claim 3 , further comprising passing a third electrical current through the working and counter electrodes for a third length of time, wherein the third electrical current is varied such that a third electric potential of the working electrode is substantially constant relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third electrical current is varied such that the third electric potential of the working electrode is negative relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third electrical current is varied such that the third electric potential of the working electrode is positive relative to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third electrical current is varied such that the third electric potential of the working electrode is equal to the electric potential of the reference electrode.

19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first, second, and third electrical currents are selectively passed through the working and counter electrodes in any combination or order so as to pulse the working electrode with the first, second, and third electric potentials, respectively.

20. The method of claim 3 , further comprising providing an antimicrobial agent to a region surrounding the object.