Solid, hydrophobic aggregators and methods of making and using the same
Disclosed herein are aggregators that can be cellulosic particles having high oil sorption capacity, high hydrophobicity, high buoyancy in water, and an aggregation quality that can support environmental remediation of hydrocarbon spills (e.g., crude oil spills) by various cleanup strategies including burning, skimming, or bioremediation. Also disclosed are methods of making the materials and methods of using the materials for environmental remediation.
1. A method comprising:
modifying a native surface of a cellulosic particle with oleic acid to yield a first modified surface comprising C17 alkyl chains; and
modifying the first modified surface with a fatty acid having a second alkyl chain length different than C17 to yield a hydrophobic second modified surface comprising C17 alkyl chains and alkyl chains having the second alkyl chain length.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cellulosic particle comprises a wood particle.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the wood particle comprises a soft wood particle.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second alkyl chain length is less than or equal to C22.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second alkyl chain length is between C10 and C14, inclusive.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said modifying comprises adding the cellulosic particle to a solution comprising pyridine with oleic acid, the fatty acid, or both dissolved therein.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the solution further comprises p-toluenesulfonyl dissolved therein.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising modifying the second modified surface with a fatty acid having a third alkyl chain length different than C17 and the second alkyl chain length to yield a hydrophobic, third modified surface comprising C17 alkyl chains and alkyl chains having the second and third alkyl chain lengths.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising depositing a bioremediation microorganism on the hydrophobic second modified surface.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising incorporating the cellulosic particle having the hydrophobic second modified surface into a composite construction material comprising a polymer.
11. A hydrocarbon-remediation aggregator comprising a water-buoyant, wood particle having a hydrophobic surface that comprises C17 alkyl chains and at least one other type of alkyl chain having a chain length different than C17, and wherein the aggregator has a crystallinity index less than or equal to 3% and a hydrocarbon sorption capacity of at least 5 g of hydrocarbon per gram of aggregator.
12. The hydrocarbon-remediation aggregator of claim 11 , wherein the hydrophobic surface further comprises a bioremediation microorganism attached thereto.
13. A method of environmental remediation comprising:
dispersing a quantity of particulate aggregators at a surface region of an aqueous environment in which a liquid hydrocarbon has been spilled, wherein the solid aggregators comprises water-buoyant, cellulosic particles having a hydrophobic surface modified by oleic acid and further modified by one or more additional fatty acids, the hydrophobic surface comprising C17 alkyl chains and at least one other type of alkyl chain having a chain length different than C17;
adsorbing the liquid hydrocarbon to the solid aggregators;
aggregating a floating mass at the surface of the aqueous environment, the mass comprising the solid aggregator having the liquid hydrocarbon adsorbed thereto;
collecting the mass comprising aggregator and liquid hydrocarbon from the surface of the aqueous environment; and
burning the mass in-situ at the surface of the aqueous environment.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the fatty acid has an alkyl chain length less than C22.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the fatty acid has an alkyl chain length between C10 and C14, inclusive.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein said adsorbing does not include chemically reacting with water in the aqueous environment.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid aggregator has an oil sorption capacity of at least 5 g of hydrocarbon per gram of aggregator.
18. A method of environmental remediation comprising:
dispersing a quantity of particulate aggregators at a surface region of an aqueous environment in which a liquid hydrocarbon has been spilled, wherein the solid aggregators comprises water-buoyant, cellulosic particles having a hydrophobic surface modified by oleic acid and further modified by one or more additional fatty acids, the hydrophobic surface comprising C17 alkyl chains and at least one other type of alkyl chain having a chain length different than C17;
adsorbing the liquid hydrocarbon to the solid aggregators;
aggregating a floating mass at the surface of the aqueous environment, the mass comprising the solid aggregator having the liquid hydrocarbon adsorbed thereto;
collecting the mass comprising aggregator and liquid hydrocarbon from the surface of the aqueous environment; and
remediating in situ the liquid hydrocarbon adsorbed to the solid aggregator, wherein the hydrophobic surface of the solid aggregator further comprises a bioremediation microorganism.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the fatty acid has an alkyl chain length less than C22.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the fatty acid has an alkyl chain length between C10 and C14, inclusive.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the solid aggregator has an oil sorption capacity of at least 5 g of hydrocarbon per gram of aggregator.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein said adsorbing does not include chemically reacting with water in the aqueous environment.