L-cysteine-treated proteins with altered functionalities and preparations thereof
High-protein food additives are prepared by reacting a protein material with L-cysteine, or a derivative thereof, with homogenization and heating. The homogenization and heating is preferably carried out on an aqueously slurry of the protein material and L-cysteine. The homogenized and reacted slurry is then dried to form a powder. The resultant food additive may be incorporated into a wide variety of food products to enhance the physical characteristics thereof.
1. A food additive comprising at least one protein material,
wherein the protein material has a protein content of at least 50% by weight of the protein material based on total solids content,
wherein the protein material has been homogenized in an aqueous slurry with from about 0.1% to about 3.3% by weight of L-cysteine, or a derivative thereof, based on total solids content of the protein material and reacted under added heat, and
wherein the food additive further comprises an organic
or mineral acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, and combinations thereof.
2. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one protein material is a plant-based protein.
3. The food additive of claim 2 , wherein the plant based protein is selected from the group consisting of grain proteins, pseudocereal proteins, pulse proteins, chia seed, lupin, microalgae, soy, canola, mycoproteins and mixtures thereof.
4. The food additive of claim 2 , wherein the plant-based protein comprises a protein derived from wheat, corn, rice, barley, rye, triticale, sorghum, oats, pearl millet, ancient grains, amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa, pea, lentil, faba bean, chickpea, or combinations thereof.
5. The food additive of claim 4 , wherein the plant-based protein comprises one or more members selected from the group consisting of wet gluten dough, high-protein wet gluten dough, vital wheat gluten, and wheat protein isolate.
6. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one protein material is an animal-based protein.
7. The food additive of claim 6 , wherein the animal-based protein comprises a milk protein or egg protein.
8. The food additive of claim 7 , wherein the animal-based protein comprises a milk protein and the milk protein comprises casein, whey, or combinations thereof.
9. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one protein material comprises a mixture of plant-based and animal-based proteins.
10. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the at least one protein material has been treated with from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight of glutaminase or transglutaminase, based on total solids content of the protein material.
11. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the food additive has a protein content of at least 70% by weight.
12. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the food additive comprises an alkaline pH adjusting agent.
13. The food additive of claim 12 , wherein the alkaline pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
14. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the food additive exhibits at least one improved functional characteristic relative to an otherwise identical food additive comprising a protein material that has not been reacted with the L-cysteine, the at least one improved functional characteristic is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) emulsification capacity,
(b) oil holding capacity,
(c) water holding capacity,
(d) whipping properties,
(e) extensibility,
(f) reduced dough mixing time during bread making,
(d) emulsifier replacement ability,
(g) improved loaf volume in bread making, and
(i) improved cake volume in cake making.
15. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the L-cysteine, or derivative thereof, is plant-derived.
16. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the L-cysteine, or derivative thereof, is animal-derived.
17. The food additive of claim 1 , wherein the food additive comprises less than 30% by weight starch.
18. A food additive comprising at least one protein material,
wherein the protein material has a protein content of at least 50% by weight of the protein material based on total solids content,
wherein the protein material has been homogenized in an aqueous slurry with from about 0.1% to about 3.3% by weight of L-cysteine, or a derivative thereof, based on total solids content of the protein material and reacted under added heat, and
wherein the food additive further comprises an alkaline pH adjusting agent.
19. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the at least one protein material is a plant-based protein.
20. The food additive of claim 19 , wherein the plant based protein is selected from the group consisting of grain proteins, pseudocereal proteins, pulse proteins, chia seed, lupin, microalgae, soy, canola, mycoproteins and mixtures thereof.
21. The food additive of claim 19 , wherein the plant-based protein comprises a protein derived from wheat, corn, rice, barley, rye, triticale, sorghum, oats, pearl millet, ancient grains, amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa, pea, lentil, faba bean, chickpea, or combinations thereof.
22. The food additive of claim 21 , wherein the plant-based protein comprises one or more members selected from the group consisting of wet gluten dough, high-protein wet gluten dough, vital wheat gluten, and wheat protein isolate.
23. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the at least one protein material is an animal-based protein.
24. The food additive of claim 23 , wherein the animal-based protein comprises a milk protein or egg protein.
25. The food additive of claim 24 , wherein the animal-based protein comprises a milk protein and the milk protein comprises casein, whey, or combinations thereof.
26. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the at least one protein material comprises a mixture of plant-based and animal-based proteins.
27. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the at least one protein material has been treated with from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight of glutaminase or transglutaminase, based on total solids content of the protein material.
28. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the food additive has a protein content of at least 70% by weight.
29. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the food additive comprises an organic or mineral acid.
30. The food additive of claim 29 , wherein the organic or mineral acid
is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, and combinations thereof.
31. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein
the alkaline pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
32. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the food additive exhibits at least one improved functional characteristic relative to an otherwise identical food additive comprising a protein material that has not been reacted with the L-cysteine, the at least one improved functional characteristic is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) emulsification capacity,
(b) oil holding capacity,
(c) water holding capacity,
(d) whipping properties,
(e) extensibility,
(f) reduced dough mixing time during bread making,
(d) emulsifier replacement ability,
(g) improved loaf volume in bread making, and
(i) improved cake volume in cake making.
33. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the L-cysteine, or derivative thereof, is plant-derived.
34. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the L-cysteine, or derivative thereof, is animal-derived.
35. The food additive of claim 18 , wherein the food additive comprises less than 30% by weight starch.