Method of freeze drying
A method of freeze-drying comprising rapidly freezing either liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide in and around a material having pores at a rate of at least 0.2° C./min to limit the size of crystals formed from the carbon dioxide so as to avoid the formation of gas bubbles and damage to the pores and exposure of the material to gas-liquid interfaces. During freezing a solid layer primarily of solid carbon dioxide is formed on and surrounding the material by transferring heat with a cryogenic liquid circulating about the material. This solid layer protects the material from gas-liquid interfaces and surface tension before decreasing pressure about the material by venting carbon dioxide.
1. A method of preserving a material, comprising the steps of:
replacing a first fluid with a first non-gaseous fluid comprising primarily carbon dioxide, the first fluid being in contact with the material, and the material containing pores, wherein a plurality of the pores have diameters of less than 50 nm; and
cooling the first non-gaseous fluid to cause the first non-gaseous fluid to freeze forming a solid;
wherein the cooling is performed at a rate of at least 0.2° C./min.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the cooling comprises transferring heat with a liquid circulating about the material.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the rate of cooling is at least 0.5° C./min.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first fluid is a non-gaseous fluid.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the replacing the first fluid with the first non-gaseous fluid comprises flushing the material with the first non-gaseous fluid.
6. The method of claim 4 comprising subliming the solid from the material.
7. The method of claim 6 comprising;
reacting amines of the material comprising of one of primary amines, secondary amines, and a combination of primary and secondary amines with carbon dioxide to form carbamate groups, and
forming amines by subliming carbon dioxide from the material.
8. The method of claim 6 including;
preserving a material containing at least one pore comprises;
subjecting the material to an impregnating agent with the impregnating agent being non-gaseous at the temperature and pressure conditions at which carbon dioxide is sublimed and with the impregnating agent being soluble in at least one of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide, and
depositing the impregnating agent into at least one pore in the material.
9. The method of claim 1 comprising;
Forming a solid layer of the solid on and surrounding the material,
then decreasing pressure about the material by expanding the first non-gaseous fluid to form a gas.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the forming a solid layer on and surrounding the material comprises transferring heat with a liquid circulating about the material.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein, after subliming the solid from the material, at least a portion of the plurality of the pores retain diameters of less than 50 nm.
12. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of the pores have diameters of less than 2 nm.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein, after subliming the solid from the material, at least a part of the portion of the plurality of the pores retains a diameter of less than 2 nm.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of the pores have diameters of less than 2 nm.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid is amorphous carbon dioxide.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
preventing a gas-liquid interface from forming in contact with the material.
17. The method of claim 1 including submerging the material in the first non-gaseous fluid comprising primarily carbon dioxide, cooling the first non-gaseous fluid while the material is submerged in the first non-gaseous fluid to cause the first non-gaseous fluid to freeze and form a solid; and subliming the solid.