Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by detecting and targeting POU2AF1
The present invention provides markers, marker signatures and molecular targets that correlate with dysfunction of immune cells and are advantageously independent of the immune cell activation status. The present markers, marker signatures and molecular targets provide for new ways to evaluate and modulate immune responses. Specifically, POU2AF1 modulation is provided for use as a marker, marker signature and molecular target. Therapeutic methods are also provided to treat a patient in need thereof who would benefit from an increased immune response.
1. An immune cell isolated from a human subject and modified ex vivo to comprise reduced expression or activity of POU2AF1 as compared to the immune cell in vivo,
wherein the immune cell comprises an INDEL upstream of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence in the POU2AF1 gene, or
wherein the immune cell comprises a protein comprising a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene, or
wherein the immune cell comprises an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of POU2AF1.
2. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the immune cell is a T cell.
3. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the immune cell is modified to comprise downregulated or abolished expression or activity of POU2AF1.
4. The isolated immune cell according to claim 3 , wherein the endogenous POU2AF1 gene has been modified using a nuclease.
5. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the DNA-binding portion comprises a zinc finger protein or DNA-binding domain thereof, TALE protein or DNA-binding domain thereof, or RNA-guided nuclease protein or DNA-binding domain thereof; or
wherein the DNA-binding portion comprises (i) a Cas protein modified to eliminate its nuclease activity, or (ii) DNA-binding domain of a Cas protein.
6. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , further modified to comprise:
(a) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of BTLA, or NRP1;
(b) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of PD1, CTLA4, TIGIT, TIM3, LAG3, or PD-L1;
(c) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of BTLA, NRP1, PD1, CTLA4, TIGIT, TIM3, LAG3, or PD-L1;
(d) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of GPR65, DEC1, PZLP, TCF4, TOSO, or CD8L;
(e) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of MINA, PML, POU2AF1, PROCR, SMARCA4, ZEB1, EGR2, CCR6, or FAS;
(f) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of MINA, MYC, NKFB1, NOTCH, PML, POU2AF1, PROCR, RBPJ, SMARCA4, ZEB1, BATF, CCR5, CCR6, EGR1, EGR2, ETV6, FAS, IL12RB1, IL17RA, IL21R, IRF4, IRF8, or ITGA3;
(g) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of SP4, IKZF4, or TSC22D3;
(h) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of SP4, ETS2, IKZF4, TSC22D3, or IRF1;
(i) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of NOTCH2, FAS, GPR132, CD74, SLAMF6, RARA, WTAP, KDM5B, KDM4B, CD5, GPR35, TMEM55B, TMEM243, KDM3A, CD28, TNFRSF13C, CD44, HDAC8, UBE2D3, BRD4, CD160, CD274, PTGER4, BTLA, METTL3, or MINA;
(j) an altered expression or activity of any one or more of C1QTNF6 or PROS1;
(k) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of GPR65, DEC1, PZLP, TCF4, TOSO, or CD5L;
(1) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of BTLA, or NRP1;
(m) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of PD1, CTLA4, TIGIT, TIM3, LAG3, or PD-L1;
(n) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of BTLA, NRP1, PD1, CTLA4, TIGIT, TIM3, LAG3, or PD-L1;
(o) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of MINA, PML, PROCR, SMARCA4, ZEB1, EGR2, CCR6, or FAS;
(p) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of MINA, MYC, NKFB1, NOTCH, PML, PROCR, RBPJ, SMARCA4, ZEB1, BATF, CCR5, CCR6, EGR1, EGR2, ETV6, FAS, IL12RB1, IL17RA, IL21R, IRF4, IRF8, or ITGA3;
(q) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of SP4, IKZF4, or TSC22D3;
(r) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of SP4, ETS2, IKZF4, TSC22D3, or IRF1;
(s) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of NOTCH2, FAS, GPR132, CD74, SLAMF6, RARA, WTAP, KDM5B, KDM4B, CD5, GPR35, TMEM55B, TMEM243, KDM3A, CD28, TNFRSF13C, CD44, HDAC8, UBE2D3, BRD4, CD160, CD274, PTGER4, BTLA, METTL3, or MINA; or
(t) an agent capable of inducibly altering expression or activity of any one or more of C1QTNF6 or PROS1.
7. A cell population comprising immune cells as defined in claim 1 .
8. A method for generating the modified immune cell as defined in claim 1 , the method comprising:
(i) providing an immune cell isolated from a human subject, and (ii) modifying said isolated immune cell ex vivo such as to comprise reduced expression or activity of POU2AF1; or
(i) providing an immune cell isolated from a human subject, and (ii) modifying said isolated immune cell ex vivo such as to comprise an agent capable of inducibly reducing expression or activity of POU2AF1.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the immune cell isolated from the subject expresses POU2AF1; and/or
wherein the immune cell isolated from the subject is dysfunctional or is not dysfunctional; and/or
wherein the immune cell isolated from the subject expresses a signature of dysfunction, said signature comprising one or more markers of dysfunction selected from the group consisting of GATA3, FOXO1, POU2AF1, BTLA, NRP1, NPEPPS, NOTCH2, CABLES1, CERK, MTMR3, RELB, KLF3, CAMK2D, CCNG2, SLC25A33, PIM3, RNF149, SWAP70, PINK1, RAB2A, FAM168B, MAP2K7, MIR466I, ASAP1, GRASP, B3GNT2, FAS, PIAS2, SEC24B, TUBB2B, PARP3, PIGH, BRAP, ATP6V0D1, IFT80, FRRS1, GPR132, SFPI1, SH2B3, WFDC17, CD74, TBC1D22B, PHC2, TRAT1, SLAMF6, YPEL3, RARA, GM9159, MAN1A, CRTC3, MKRN1, BCL6, CLN6, MYB, NDUFV1, SLC28A2, FBXL20, SCIN, LGMN, WTAP, BCL3, SLC2A6, IL2RG, SNTB1, KDM5B, UTP15, LATS2, RASSF2, IFI30, KDM4B, IER5, CD8, MNDAL, PCGF5, GPR35, SPRY1, TNIP1, CSNK1D, NSMCE1, NR4A1, OSBPL11, PNRC1, ITGAE, SNX18, TMEM55B, IKZF2, ISCU, FAM196B, TMEM243, ZFP62, RASGEF1B, DTWD1, GNA13, JAK2, EIF3F, CCR7, SGPP1, SLAMF7, QRICH1, EML4, CACNB3, ATG7, SUV420H1, HBS1L, RAB2B, H2-AB1, DGKD, SESN3, ELK4, PIM1, JOSD1, SPIN1, LILRB3, CHIC2, H2-DMB2, TPRGL, IL4I1, ACAP2, SUDS3, ABCA3, TNRC6A, RPS5, MPLKIP, NEK7, SOD1, CRY1, MIDN, RBMS1, PRAMEF8, ATP2A3, RPS6KB2, MRS2, PLEKHG2, TCF12, MED8, LIMD1, SMIM8, KDM3A, BACH2, ILVBL, 4930523C07RIK, CD28, SLC52A2, ACBD6, ANKIB1, BANK1, KLHDC2, AHR, MLXIP, TRAF4, MFSD6, GM4070, PFKFB3, ANTXR2, GRWD1, MAP1LC3A, HP, RAP2B, TRPC4AP, SMG1, DEDD, UNC13D, RAB6A, CCDC88B, TNFRSF13C, TRP53INP1, SFPQ, CD44, HDAC8, UBE2D3, EIF3I, P2RY6, TBC1D4, 0610012G03RIK, RASSF5, AHCYL2, NDUFS4, PTP4A3, RNF111, SMAP1, IFITM3, PPAPDC1B, PRMT2, RPLPO, FOXN3, IFITM6, IFT20, CTAGE5, ZFP622, PPP2CA, WDR82, POLB, BRD4, UBL3, SLC12A9, NCOA7, TRAPPC3, MEF2D, LACTB, MALT1, LYZ2, CD160, CD274, PTGER4, MT1, MT2, PD1, CTLA4, TIGIT, TIM3, LAG3, KLRC1, CD160, CD274, IDO, CD200, CD244, KLRD1, LAIR1, CEACAM1, KLRA7, TNFRSF9, TNFRSF4, TNFSF4, TNFRSF18, TNFSF11, CD27, CD28, CD86, ICOS, and TNFSF14.
10. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the immune cell is a CD8 + T cell.
11. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the immune cell displays tumor specificity.
12. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the immune cell is a tumor infiltrating lymphocyte.
13. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the immune cell further comprises an exogenous tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T cell receptor (TCR).
14. The isolated immune cell according to claim 4 , wherein the nuclease is an RNA-guided nuclease, such as a Cas protein; and/or
wherein the nuclease comprises (i) a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene and (ii) a DNA cleavage portion.
15. The isolated immune cell according to claim 14 , wherein the DNA-binding portion comprises a zinc finger protein or DNA-binding domain thereof, a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein or DNA-binding domain thereof, or an RNA-guided protein or DNA-binding domain thereof; and/or
wherein the DNA-binding portion comprises (i) a Cas protein modified to eliminate its nuclease activity, or (ii) DNA-binding domain of a Cas protein; and/or
wherein the DNA cleavage portion comprises FokI or variant thereof or DNA cleavage domain of FokI or variant thereof.
16. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 ,
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein capable of repressing the transcription of the endogenous POU2AF1 gene; and/or
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein comprising at least a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene; and/or
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein comprising at least a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene promoter; and/or
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein comprising (i) a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene, such as to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene promoter, and (ii) a transcription repression portion.
17. The isolated immune cell according to claim 1 , wherein the agent comprises:
a nuclease capable of modifying the endogenous POU2AF1 gene, such as to downregulate or abolish expression of POU2AF1; or
a heterologous repressor protein capable of repressing the transcription of the endogenous POU2AF1 gene.
18. The isolated immune cell according to claim 17 ,
wherein the nuclease comprises (i) a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene and (ii) a DNA cleavage portion; and/or
wherein the DNA-binding portion comprises a zinc finger protein or DNA-binding domain thereof, a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein or DNA-binding domain thereof, or an RNA-guided protein or DNA-binding domain thereof; and/or
wherein the DNA-binding portion comprises (i) a Cas protein modified to eliminate its nuclease activity, or (ii) DNA-binding domain of a Cas protein; and/or
wherein the DNA cleavage portion comprises FokI or variant thereof or DNA cleavage domain of FokI or variant thereof; and/or
wherein the nuclease is an RNA-guided nuclease, such as a Cas protein; or
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein capable of repressing the transcription of the endogenous POU2AF1 gene; and/or
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein comprising at least a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene; and/or
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein comprising at least a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene promoter; and/or
wherein the protein is a heterologous repressor protein comprising (i) a DNA-binding portion configured to specifically bind to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene, such as to the endogenous POU2AF1 gene promoter, and (ii) a transcription repression portion.
19. The cell population according to claim 7 , wherein the cell population is a pharmaceutical composition.
20. The method according to claim 8 , further comprising the step of expanding the isolated immune cell prior to and/or subsequent to the modification.