Hydrothermal aging-resistant plastic scintillator formulations
A plastic scintillator includes an anti-fog additive or comonomer. The plastic scintillator is formulated to resist the development of hydrothermally-induced aging defects (e.g. discoloration and “fogging”) while maintaining scintillation light output and other desirable physical properties.
1. A plastic scintillator comprising:
an aromatic polymeric matrix;
a primary and secondary fluorophore;
an anti-fog agent;
wherein the anti-fog agent is a chemical species that includes at least one of:
an aromatic group, a heteroaromatic group, a non-aromatic cyclic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; and, in addition,
an oxygen-containing functional group;
optionally, a linking group is also included in the anti-fog agent and is selected from the group consisting of: a C 1 to C 20 alkyl group or chain, an ethylene glycol group, or a polyethylene glycol group;
wherein if the optional linking group is not present in the anti-fog agent, the aromatic group is bonded directly to the oxygen-containing functional group; and if the optional linking group is present in the anti-fog agent, the aromatic or heteroaromatic group is bonded to the optional linking group, and the oxygen-containing functional group is also bonded to the optional linking group.
2. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the anti-fog agent includes an aromatic group, an alkyl chain of at least 2 carbon atoms bonded to the aromatic group, and an oxygen-containing functional group bonded to the alkyl chain or aromatic group.
3. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the anti-fog agent is a nonionic surfactant.
4. The plastic scintillator of claim 3 , wherein the linking group is present and comprises a hydrophilic polyethylene glycol chain, and the aromatic group comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic group.
5. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the anti-fog agent is 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol.
6. The plastic scintillator of claim 3 , wherein the plastic scintillator is exclusive of a crosslinking agent.
7. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the anti-fog agent is selected from the group consisting of:
(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol, hydrocinnamic acid, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethan-1-ol, 3-phenylpropan-1-ol, 1,2-phenylenedimethanol, pyridine, 2-phenoxy-1-ethanol, phenylacetic acid, or combinations thereof.
8. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the anti-fog agent is present in a weight percentage of 0.5 to 10% by weight.
9. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the aromatic polymeric matrix comprises poly(styrene), poly(vinyltoluene), or mixtures thereof.
10. The plastic scintillator of claim 7 , wherein the (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol is selected and the average number of ethylene glycol units is 4 to 30.
11. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the primary fluorophore is selected from the group consisting of: 2,5-diphenyloxazole, 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, or p-terphenyl; and
the secondary fluorophore is selected from the group consisting of: 1,4-bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(2-methylstyrl)benzene, or 2-(1-naphthyl)-5-phenyloxazole.
12. A plastic scintillator comprising:
an aromatic polymeric matrix;
a primary and secondary fluorophore;
an anti-fog agent;
wherein the anti-fog agent is a chemical species that includes at least one of:
an aromatic group, a heteroaromatic group, a non-aromatic cyclic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; and, in addition,
an oxygen-containing functional group;
optionally, a linking group is also included in the anti-fog agent and is selected from the group consisting of: a C 1 to C 20 alkyl group or chain, an ethylene glycol group, or a polyethylene glycol group;
wherein if the optional linking group is not present in the anti-fog agent, the aromatic group is bonded directly to the oxygen-containing functional group; and if the optional linking group is present in the anti-fog agent, the aromatic or heteroaromatic group is bonded to the optional linking group, and the oxygen-containing functional group is also bonded to the optional linking group;
wherein a polymer of the polymeric matrix has a weight average molecular (Mw) weight ranging from 40,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol.
13. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , further comprising a crosslinking agent.
14. A plastic scintillator comprising:
an aromatic polymeric matrix;
a primary and secondary fluorophore;
an anti-fog agent;
wherein the anti-fog agent is a chemical species that includes at least one of:
an aromatic group, a heteroaromatic group, a non-aromatic cyclic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; and, in addition,
an oxygen-containing functional group;
optionally, a linking group is also included in the anti-fog agent and is selected from the group consisting of: a C 1 to C 20 alkyl group or chain, an ethylene glycol group, or a polyethylene glycol group;
wherein if the optional linking group is not present in the anti-fog agent, the aromatic group is bonded directly to the oxygen-containing functional group; and if the optional linking group is present in the anti-fog agent, the aromatic or heteroaromatic group is bonded to the optional linking group, and the oxygen-containing functional group is also bonded to the optional linking group;
wherein the plastic scintillator has a Shore D hardness according to ASTM D2240 00 of 15 or greater.
15. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the anti-fog agent is present in an amount of 0.1 to 30% by weight.
16. The plastic scintillator of claim 12 , wherein the anti-fog agent is selected from the group consisting of: (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol, hydrocinnamic acid, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethan-1-ol, 3-phenylpropan-1-ol, 1,2-phenylenedimethanol, pyridine, 2-phenoxy-1-ethanol, phenylacetic acid, o-tolylboronic acid, 2-methoxyboronic acid, and cyclohexylboronic acid, or combinations thereof.
17. The plastic scintillator of claim 12 , wherein the anti-fog agent is present in a weight percentage of 0.1 to 30% by weight.
18. The plastic scintillator of claim 12 , further comprising a crosslinking agent.
19. The plastic scintillator of claim 14 , wherein the anti-fog agent is selected from the group consisting of: (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol, hydrocinnamic acid, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethan-1-ol, 3-phenylpropan-1-ol, 1,2-phenylenedimethanol, pyridine, 2-phenoxy-1-ethanol, phenylacetic acid, o-tolylboronic acid, 2-methoxyboronic acid, and cyclohexylboronic acid, or combinations thereof.
20. The plastic scintillator of claim 14 , wherein the anti-fog agent is present in a weight percentage of 0.1 to 30% by weight.