System and method for switched-capacitor based side-channel countermeasures
Methods and systems are provided for a charge withholding converter reshuffling technique that decorrelates input power of a multi-phase switched capacitor (SC) voltage converter relative to the output power provided to a load. The load may be a cryptographic device. The technique provides a countermeasure against power analysis attacks. A controller including a first random number generator coupled to the stages of the SC voltage converter controls gating for charging a first subset of the stages. A controller including a second random number generator coupled the stages of the SC voltage converter controls gating for discharging a second subset the stages. A number of the switched capacitor stages maintain their charge beyond the switch period in which they are charged. The SC voltage converter withholds a random portion of input charge and delivers this charge to the load after a random time period.
1. A system for decorrelating a switched capacitor voltage converter input power and output power provided to a load, the system comprising:
an N stage switched capacitor voltage converter that receives input power from a power supply and provides output power to a load;
a charging controller comprising:
a first N bit pseudorandom number generator, wherein each output of the first N bit pseudorandom number generator is coupled to a respective input of the N stage switched capacitor converter via one of N respective time delay components;
an electronic processor, and a memory comprising instructions that when executed by the electronic processor cause the charging controller to transmit signals to the N stage switched capacitor converter for gating charging of a first subset of stages of the N stage switched capacitor converter; and
a discharging controller comprising;
a second N bit pseudorandom number generator, wherein each output of the second N bit pseudorandom number generator is coupled to a respective one of a second N inputs of the N stage switched capacitor converter via a respective one of a second N time delay components;
an electronic processor, and a memory comprising instructions that when executed by the electronic processor cause the discharging controller to transmit signals to the second N inputs of the N stage switched capacitor converter for gating discharging of a second subset the stages of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the load is a cryptographic circuit that receives power from the N stage switched capacitor voltage converter.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein a number of the stages in the first subset of the N switched capacitor stages and a number of the stages in the second subset of the N switched capacitor stages are different.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein a number of the stages discharged in a switch period is based on a demand for input power consumption by the load, and a pattern of the discharged stages in the switch period is based on an output pattern of the of the second N bit pseudorandom number generator.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein a switch frequency of the N stage switched capacitor voltage converter is held constant for varying levels of input power.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the N stage switched capacitor converter withholds a random amount of charge for a random amount of time based on a difference between a number of prior activated N bit switch capacitor stages and a number of prior discharged N bit switch capacitor stages.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein for i=1 to N, a cycle of an i th clock output for charging and discharging an i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter is delayed by (i/N)T s , wherein T s is a switch period of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein for i=1 to N, gating for discharging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter is delayed by a portion of a switch period relative to gating for charging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein for i=1 to N, input to the i th stage for charging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter received from the respective i th bit of the first N bit pseudorandom number generator is delayed by (i/N)T s in accordance with a first phase of an i th clock cycle, and input to the i th stage for discharging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor received from the i th bit of the second N bit pseudorandom number generator is delayed by (i/N)T s in accordance with the second phase of the i th clock cycle, wherein T s is a switch period of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system for scrambling an input power profile of a voltage converter including the N stage switched capacitor voltage converter, the charging controller, the discharging controller, and the load comprise a system on a chip.
11. A method for decorrelating a switched capacitor voltage converter input power and output power provided to a load, the method comprising:
receiving input power by an N stage switched capacitor voltage converter from a power supply and providing output power to a load;
gating charging of a first subset of stages of the N stage switched capacitor voltage converter by a charging controller comprising a first N bit pseudorandom number generator, wherein each output of the first N bit pseudorandom number generator is coupled to one of N respective inputs of the N stage switched capacitor converter via one of N respective time delay components; and
gating discharging of a second subset of the stages of the N switched capacitor voltage converter by a discharging controller comprising a second N bit pseudorandom number generator, each output of the second N bit pseudorandom number generator is coupled to a respective one of a second N inputs of the N stage switched capacitor converter via a respective one of a second N time delay components.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the load is a cryptographic circuit that receives power from the N stage switched capacitor.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein a number of the stages in the first subset of the N switched capacitor stages and a number of the stages in the second subset of the N switched capacitor stages are different.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein a number of the stages discharged in a switch period is based on a demand for input power consumption by the load, and a pattern of the discharged stages in the switch period is based on an output pattern of the of the second N bit pseudorandom number generator for gating the discharging of the second subset of stages of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein a switch frequency of the N stage switched capacitor voltage converter is held constant for varying levels of input power.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the N stage switched capacitor converter withholds a random amount of charge for a random amount of time based on a difference between a number of prior activated N bit switch capacitor stages and a number of prior discharged N bit switch capacitor stages.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein for i=1 to N, a cycle of an i th clock output for charging and discharging an i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter is delayed by (i/N)T s , wherein T s is a switch period of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein for i=1 to N, gating for discharging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter is delayed by a portion of a switch period relative to gating for charging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein for i=1 to N, input to the i th stage for charging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor converter received from the respective i th bit of the first N bit pseudorandom number generator is delayed by (i/N)T s in accordance with a first phase of an i th clock cycle, and input to the i th stage for discharging the i th stage of the N stage switched capacitor received from the i th bit of the second N bit pseudorandom number generator is delayed by (i/N)T s in accordance with the second phase of the i th clock cycle, wherein T s is a switch period of the N stage switched capacitor converter.
20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the N stage switched capacitor voltage converter, the charging controller, the discharging controller, and the load comprise a system on a chip.