Electrical heater with particular application to humidification and fluid warming

1. A humidifier tub for a respiratory apparatus configured to humidify a pressurized flow of breathable gas and deliver the pressurized flow of humidified breathable gas to a patient's airways, the humidifier tub comprising:

a container comprising a base and at least one side wall, the container being configured to contain pressurized breathable gas and a supply of liquid to be evaporated, the base and the at least one side wall being made of a first material;

an air inlet configured to receive the pressurized flow of breathable gas from the respiratory apparatus and direct the pressurized flow of breathable gas into the container;

an air outlet configured to discharge the pressurized flow of humidified breathable gas from the container;

a heating element positioned on the base and/or the at least one side wall of the container below the air inlet and the air outlet; and

a lining layer that lines an interior of the container and comprises at least a second material, the lining layer being located below the air inlet and/or the air outlet, wherein the second material of the lining layer covers the heating element and is configured to electrically isolate the heating element from the interior of the container, and

wherein the second material is an electrical insulator and is different from the first material.

2. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the heating element is provided on at least the base of the container.

3. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the lining layer lines a substantial portion of an inner surface of the container.

4. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the lining layer is molded over at least the heating element.

5. The humidifier tub of claim 4 , wherein the lining layer is injection-molded.

6. The humidifier tub of claim 4 , wherein the lining layer is molded over an inner surface of the at least one side wall of the container.

7. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the lining layer covers the entire inner surface of the at least one side wall of the container.

8. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the second material comprises any one of polyester, polyimide, polycarbonate, polypropylene and/or combinations thereof.

9. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the lining layer is a film that has a thickness between 0.01 mm and 1 mm.

10. The humidifier tub of claim 9 , wherein the lining layer is a film that has a thickness between 0.05 mm and 0.5 mm.

11. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the heating element comprises a plug or connector to electrically connect to the heating element.

12. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , further comprising one or a combination of the following: a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, thermal overload protection, and a sensor configured to sense a level of the supply of liquid.

13. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the container is injection-molded.

14. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , further comprising a lid.

15. A method of manufacturing the humidifier tub according to claim 1 , the method comprising:

a) providing a mold for molding the container;

b) positioning the heating element inside said mold; and

c) molding the container made of the first material around said heating element, wherein the heating element is arranged on an inner surface of the container; and

d) molding the second material over at least the heating element on the inner surface of the container in order to provide the lining layer.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the heating element is arranged on at least the base of the container.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein molding the container made of the first material comprises injection-molding.

18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising providing a plug or connector.

19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the second material covers a portion of the inner surface of the at least one side wall of the container.

20. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the lining layer is configured to interrupt an electrical signal indicative of a level of water in the humidifier tub upon the level of water falling below a predetermined threshold.

21. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the lining layer is thinner than the base and the at least one side wall of the container.

22. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the heating element is molded within the base and/or the at least one side wall of the container.

23. The humidifier tub of claim 1 , wherein the air inlet and the air outlet are located on the at least one side wall of the container.

24. A respiratory system configured to deliver a pressurized flow of breathable gas to a patient's airways, the respiratory system comprising:

a respiratory apparatus configured to pressurize a flow of breathable gas; and

the humidifier tub of claim 1 .