PHOTOCHEMICALLY STABLE, NON-LEACHING SUNSCREENS FROM EPOXIDE-BASED SILANE COUPLING AGENTS AND UV ABSORBING CHROMOPHORES
UV absorbing monomers having one or more alkoxysilyl functional groups are produced through epoxide reaction chemistry. Sol-gel or emulsion polymerization of said UV absorbing monomers by themselves, or with alkoxysilane comonomers, affords nanoparticle sunscreens with reduced chemical exposure and improved photostability. Minimized leaching and decreased levels of photo-degradation were achieved with covalent incorporation to ensure isolation of the sunscreen chromophores and any photo-products from the skin.
1 . A composition for producing a UV absorbing sunscreen monomer having one or more alkoxysilyl functional groups, comprising:
a. a UV absorbing compound, wherein the UV absorbing compound contains at least one nucleophilic functional group; and
b. one or more silane coupling agents having at least one epoxide group;
wherein the nucleophilic functional group is configured to react with the epoxide group to form a covalent bond, thereby producing the sunscreen monomer, wherein the covalent bond is effective for enhancing photostability of the sunscreen monomer and preventing leeching of the UV absorbing compound from the sunscreen monomer.
2 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group of the UV absorbing compound is a hydroxyl moiety, an amine moiety, a thiol moiety, or a carboxylic acid moiety.
3 . The composition of claim 2 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group is a hydroxyl moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of curcumin, resveratrol, catechin, ellagic acid, usnic acid, hematoxylin/hematein, kermesic acid, carminic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquininic acid, 5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzo-pyran-4-one, salvianolic acid, 2′,4,4′-trihydroxychalcone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexa-hydroxyflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxyflavone, 3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, 5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavonol, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, and bis-ethylhexyl-oxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine.
4 . The composition of claim 2 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group is an amine moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of 1,3-phenylenebis((3-aminophenyl)-methanone), 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, and 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-amine).
5 . The composition of claim 2 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group is a thiol moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of thiolated avobenzones, 1,3-bis(4-mercaptophenyl)propane-1,3-dione, oxybenzones, bis(4-mercaptophenyl)-methanone, thiolated coumarins, 7-mercaptocoumarin, cinnamates, 2-ethylhexyl (E)-3-(4-mercaptophenyl)acrylate, salicylates, sec-butyl 2-mercaptobenzoate, anthranilates, 2-mercaptoethyl 2-(methylamino)benzoates, bisoctrizoles, 6,6′-methylenebis(2-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)-benzenethiol), bemotrizinols, and 6,6′-(6-(4-mercaptophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis(3-((2ethylhexyl)oxy)phenol).
6 . The composition of claim 2 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group is a carboxylic acid moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of flavonoids, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, fumaric acid, carboxylated benzophenones, 4,4′-carbonyldibenzoic acid, 3-(2-(2-(2-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl)propanoic acid, avobenzones, 3-(2-(3-(4-(tert-butyl)-2-(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl)-3-oxopropanoyl)-5-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, anthranilates, 3-(2-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)-3-(methylamino)-phenyl)propanoic acid, bisoctriazoles, 3,3′-((methylenebis(2-hydroxy-5-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole-2,4-diyl))-dipropionic acid, bemotrizinols, and 4-(4,6-bis(4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid.
7 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from a group consisting of glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, glycidyloxypropyldimethoxymethylsilane, glycidyloxypropyldiethoxymethylsilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)-trimethoxysilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)triethoxysilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo-[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)dimethoxymethylsilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)diethoxymethylsilane, trimethoxy(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)-silane, triethoxy(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)silane, methyldimethoxy(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)silane, methyl-diethoxy(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)silane, trimethoxy(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane, triethoxy-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane), methyldimethoxy(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane, and methyl-diethoxy(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane.
8 . A sunscreen nanoparticle formed by polymerization of the alkoxysilyl groups of the sunscreen monomer of claim 1 .
9 . The sunscreen nanoparticle of claim 8 , wherein the polymerization further comprises co-polymerization with silicate comonomers.
10 . The sunscreen nanoparticle of claim 9 , wherein the silicate comonomers are selected from a group consisting of tetraalkoxysilane comonomers, sodium silicate comonomers, and organotrialkoxysilane comonomers.
11 . The sunscreen nanoparticle of claim 10 , wherein the tetraalkoxysilane comonomers are selected from a group consisting of tetramethoxysilane comonomers and tetraethoxysilane comonomers.
12 . The sunscreen nanoparticle of claim 8 , wherein the polymerization is a sol-gel polymerization or an emulsion polymerization.
13 . A sunscreen formulation, comprising:
a. the sunscreen nanoparticles of claim 8 , wherein the sunscreen nanoparticles are present in an amount effective to absorb UV radiation; and
b. a pharmaceutically-acceptable sunscreen carrier.
14 . A method of producing a photochemically stable, non-leeching sunscreen monomer for use in a sunscreen formulation, said method comprising:
a. providing a UV absorbing compound, wherein the UV absorbing compound contains at least one nucleophilic functional group;
b. providing one or more silane coupling agents having at least one epoxide group; and
c. reacting the UV absorbing compound with the one or more silane coupling agents, wherein the nucleophilic functional group of the UV absorbing compound reacts with the epoxide group of the silane coupling agent to form a covalent bond, thereby forming the sunscreen monomer;
wherein the covalent bond between the UV absorbing compound and the silane coupling agent is effective for enhancing photostability of the sunscreen monomer and preventing leeching of the UV absorbing compound from the sunscreen monomer.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group of the UV absorbing compound is a hydroxyl moiety, an amine moiety, a thiol moiety, or a carboxylic acid moiety.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group is a hydroxyl moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of curcumin, resveratrol, catechin, ellagic acid, usnic acid, hematoxylin/hematein, kermesic acid, carminic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquininic acid, 5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, salvianolic acid, 2′,4,4′-trihydroxychalcone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxyflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxyflavone, 3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavonol, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, and bis-ethylhexyl-oxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group is an amine moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of 1,3-phenylenebis((3-aminophenyl)methanone),4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, and 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-amine).
18 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the nucleophilic functional group is a thiol moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of thiolated avobenzones, 1,3-bis(4-mercaptophenyl)propane-1,3-dione, oxybenzones, bis(4-mercaptophenyl)methanone, thiolated coumarins, 7-mercaptocoumarin, cinnamates, 2-ethylhexyl (E)-3-(4-mercaptophenyl)-acrylate, salicylates, sec-butyl 2-mercaptobenzoate, anthranilates, 2-mercaptoethyl 2-(methylamino)benzoates, bisoctrizoles, 6,6′-methylenebis(2-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)benzenethiol), bemotrizinols, and 6,6′-(6-(4-mercaptophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis(3-((2ethylhexyl)oxy)phenol).
19 . The method of claim 15 , wherein nucleophilic functional group is a carboxylic acid moiety and the UV absorbing compound is selected from a group consisting of flavonoids, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, carboxylated benzophenones, 4,4′-carbonyldibenzoic acid, 3-(2-(2-(2-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxy-benzoyl)phenyl)propanoic acid, fumaric acid, anthranilates, 3-(2-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)-3-(methylamino)phenyl)propanoic acid, avobenzones, 3-(2-(3-(4-(tert-butyl)-2-(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl)-3-oxopropanoyl)-5-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, bisoctriazoles, 3,3′-((methylenebis(2-hydroxy-5-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole-2,4-diyl))dipropionic acid, bemotrizinols, and 4-(4,6-bis(4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid.
20 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from a group consisting of glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, glycidyloxypropyldimethoxymethylsilane, glycidyloxypropyldiethoxymethylsilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)trimethoxysilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)triethoxysilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)dimethoxymethylsilane, (2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)ethyl)-diethoxymethylsilane, trimethoxy(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)silane, triethoxy(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)silane, methyldimethoxy(2-(oxi ran-2-yl)ethyl)silane, methyldiethoxy(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)silane, trimethoxy(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane, triethoxy(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane), methyldimethoxy(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane, and methyldiethoxy-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane).